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Bibliographic Details
Main Authors: Huynh, Trung-Kiet, Duy-Minh, Dao-Sy, Cao, Thanh-Bang, Le, Phong-Hao, Nguyen, Hong-Dan, Quy, Nguyen Lam Phu, Nguyen-Vo, Minh-Luan, Pham, Hong-Phat, Hoa, Pham Phu, Than, Thien-Kim, Tran, Chi-Nguyen, Tran, Huy, Tran-Le, Gia-Thoai, Buscemi, Alessio, Trang, Le Hong, Han, The Anh
Format: Preprint
Published: 2026
Subjects:
Online Access:https://arxiv.org/abs/2601.19082
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Table of Contents:
  • As LLMs increasingly act as autonomous agents in interactive and multi-agent settings, understanding their strategic behavior is critical for safety, coordination, and AI-driven social and economic systems. We investigate how payoff magnitude and linguistic context shape LLM strategies in repeated social dilemmas, using a payoff-scaled Prisoner's Dilemma to isolate sensitivity to incentive strength. Across models and languages, we observe consistent behavioral patterns, including incentive-sensitive conditional strategies and cross-linguistic divergence. To interpret these dynamics, we train supervised classifiers on canonical repeated-game strategies and apply them to LLM decisions, revealing systematic, model- and language-dependent behavioral intentions, with linguistic framing sometimes matching or exceeding architectural effects. Our results provide a unified framework for auditing LLMs as strategic agents and highlight cooperation biases with direct implications for AI governance and multi-agent system design.