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Main Authors: Nguyen, Ha Thanh, Fungwacharakorn, Wachara, Wehnert, Sabine, Zin, May Myo, Kong, Yuntao, Xue, Jieying, Araszkiewicz, Michał, Goebel, Randy, Satoh, Ken
Format: Preprint
Published: 2026
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Online Access:https://arxiv.org/abs/2604.14607
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author Nguyen, Ha Thanh
Fungwacharakorn, Wachara
Wehnert, Sabine
Zin, May Myo
Kong, Yuntao
Xue, Jieying
Araszkiewicz, Michał
Goebel, Randy
Satoh, Ken
author_facet Nguyen, Ha Thanh
Fungwacharakorn, Wachara
Wehnert, Sabine
Zin, May Myo
Kong, Yuntao
Xue, Jieying
Araszkiewicz, Michał
Goebel, Randy
Satoh, Ken
contents We study the overall process of automatic formalization of GDPR provisions using large language models, within a human-in-the-loop verification framework. Rather than aiming for full autonomy, we adopt a role-specialized workflow in which LLM-based AI components, operating in a multi-agent setting with iterative feedback, generate legal scenarios, formal rules, and atomic facts. This is coupled with independent verification modules which include human reviewers' assessment of representational, logical, and legal correctness. Using this approach, we construct a high-quality dataset to be used for GDPR auto-formalization, and analyze both successful and problematic cases. Our results show that structured verification and targeted human oversight are essential for reliable legal formalization, especially in the presence of legal nuance and context-sensitive reasoning.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2604_14607
institution arXiv
publishDate 2026
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle GDPR Auto-Formalization with AI Agents and Human Verification
Nguyen, Ha Thanh
Fungwacharakorn, Wachara
Wehnert, Sabine
Zin, May Myo
Kong, Yuntao
Xue, Jieying
Araszkiewicz, Michał
Goebel, Randy
Satoh, Ken
Artificial Intelligence
We study the overall process of automatic formalization of GDPR provisions using large language models, within a human-in-the-loop verification framework. Rather than aiming for full autonomy, we adopt a role-specialized workflow in which LLM-based AI components, operating in a multi-agent setting with iterative feedback, generate legal scenarios, formal rules, and atomic facts. This is coupled with independent verification modules which include human reviewers' assessment of representational, logical, and legal correctness. Using this approach, we construct a high-quality dataset to be used for GDPR auto-formalization, and analyze both successful and problematic cases. Our results show that structured verification and targeted human oversight are essential for reliable legal formalization, especially in the presence of legal nuance and context-sensitive reasoning.
title GDPR Auto-Formalization with AI Agents and Human Verification
topic Artificial Intelligence
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2604.14607