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Podrobná bibliografie
Hlavní autoři:	Ditty, James G., Malca, Estrella, Vásquez-Yeomans, Lourdes
Médium:	Recurso digital
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Vydáno:	Zenodo 2024
Témata:	Biodiversity Taxonomy
On-line přístup:	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15157281
Tagy:	Přidat tag Žádné tagy, Buďte první, kdo vytvoří štítek k tomuto záznamu!

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TABLE 5. Discrimination of early life stages of Pterois volitans, Dendrochirus barberi, D. hemprichi, D. “ bellus,” and D. zebra from non-pteroine scorpaenids in the Western North Atlantic. Scorpaenids typically have five spines along the posterior shelf of the preopercle (PPO), although early larvae of some taxa may have three, and add one or two spines in subsequent life stages. “Elongate” spine(s) refer to those about two or more times longer than the next longest spine, or all spines that extend well beyond the posterior margin of the operculum or ventral margin of body, depending on orientation. “Robust” spines refer to “elongate” spines, as defined above, that are structurally stout and broadbased, whereas spines of short to moderate length are typically “slender” with a relatively narrow base. “Elongate” fins refer to those whose tips extend to, and typically well beyond, the posterior margin of the anal-fin base, whereas “short” fins may extend to, but seldom beyond, the origin of the anal-fin base. The pectoral fins are precocious, unless otherwise noted. “Shield” of pigment refers to the extent of pigmentation over the dorsolateral surface of the visceral mass in early larvae, which may be reduced or augmented with scattered blotches of pigment in larger larvae of some taxa. The parietal spines are typically two or more times longer than the nuchals, unless otherwise noted. Classification of subfamilies within Scorpaenidae follows van der Laan et al. (2023). Abbreviations: parietal spines (P), nuchal spines (N), anal-fin origin (AFO), anal-fin base (AFB). Characters compiled from Sánchez & Acha (1988); Moser (1996); Hardy (2005); Fahay (2007); Baldwin (2013); Kojima (2014); Mertzlufft (2021); and include the personal observations of the senior author.<table><thead><tr><th>Taxon</th><th colspan="2">Relative size & length</th><th>Opercle spine(s)</th><th>Visceral mass</th><th colspan="2">Pectoral fins</th><th>Slit behind 4 th gill arch</th><th>Other characteristics</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th></th><td>(P)arietal & (N)uchal spines</td><td>PPO spines</td><td></td><td>“Shield” of pigment</td><td colspan="2">Contour & length Pigmentation</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th colspan="9">Pteroinae</th></tr><tr><th>Pterois volitans</th><td>P> N</td><td>Middle pair longer than outer; none distinctly elongate</td><td>None</td><td>No</td><td>Elongate, fan-shaped; tips to or beyond terminal margin of AFB</td><td>Light to mottled</td><td>No</td><td>Pigmentation sparse, typically concentrated along body midlines (until late transformation). Elevation of parietal & nuchal spines ~30° above longitudinal axis of head.</td></tr><tr><th>Dendrochirus spp.</th><td>N ≥ P</td><td>Upper 3–4 subequal, none distinctly elongate; all about evenly spaced</td><td>None</td><td>No</td><td>Elongate, fan-shaped; tips to or beyond terminal margin of AFB</td><td>Light to mottled</td><td>No</td><td>Pigmentation sparse until transformation, then saddles along dorsal & ventral margins. Elevation of parietal & nuchal spines low on head (≤15°).</td></tr><tr><th></th><td>(P)arietal & (N)uchal spines</td><td>PPO spines</td><td></td><td>“Shield” of pigment</td><td>Contour & length</td><td>Pigmentation</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th colspan="9">Scorpaeninae</th></tr><tr><th>Pontinus spp.</th><td>P> N</td><td>One or more elongate & robust, spine near shelf angle typically longest</td><td>Pair near upper margin only</td><td>No 1</td><td>Wing-shaped (upper rays longer than lower); tips to about mid-AFB</td><td>Variable, develops through sequential stages</td><td>Yes</td><td>Initially, three robust PPO’s about evenly spaced along shelf. Some species may have one or more enlarged APO & supplemental PPO spines. Supraocular spine stout, may be forward-angled (if unbroken). Parietals enlarged, stout, nuchals minute (develop late). Pigment on spinous dorsalfin becomes streak or blotch. Liver area may be dark or dusky.</td></tr><tr><th>Scorpaena spp.</th><td>P> N</td><td>Variable</td><td>Upper & lower margins</td><td>Yes</td><td>Fan-shaped; tips to AFO seldom beyond</td><td>Some to most of fin dark</td><td>No</td><td>Tips of pelvic fins short of anus. Inner half to most of pectoral fins well pigmented, distal margin may be unpigmented or sparsely so.</td></tr><tr><th>Scorpaenodes spp.</th><td>N ≥ P</td><td>2–4 stout, moderately elongate spines</td><td>Pair near upper margin only</td><td>No 1</td><td>Fan-shaped; tips to about mid-AFB</td><td>Some to most of fin dark</td><td>Present or absent</td><td>Parietal ridge crest-like, nuchal & parietal spines pronounced. Heavy pigmentation makes pectoral fins appear superficially larger than in other genera.</td></tr><tr><th colspan="9">Sebastinae</th></tr><tr><th>Helicolenus dactylopterus</th><td>P> N</td><td>3–5 relatively stout, middle longest; none distinctly elongate</td><td>Single, small to tiny near upper margin only, if present</td><td>Yes</td><td>Fan-shaped; tips to or slightly beyond AFO</td><td>Sparse to none</td><td>Yes</td><td>Characteristic mass of spongy tissue below spinous dorsalfin base. Caudal fin precedes pectoral fin development.</td></tr><tr><th></th><td>(P)arietal & (N)uchal spines</td><td>PPO spines</td><td></td><td>“Shield” of pigment</td><td>Contour & length</td><td>Pigmentation</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Sebastes spp. 2</th><td>P> N</td><td>Variable, spine at</td><td>Single, small to</td><td>Yes</td><td>Fan-shaped; tips to or</td><td>Sparse to none</td><td>No</td><td>Prominent cluster of pigments on</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>angle often longest;</td><td>tiny near upper</td><td></td><td>slightly beyond AFO</td><td></td><td></td><td>dorsal surface of head; postanal</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>none distinctly</td><td>margin only, if</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>series of melanophores along</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>elongate</td><td>present</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>dorsal & ventral midlines of</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>body. Caudal fin development</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>precedes that of pectoral fin.</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>High count of 29–32 myomeres.</td></tr><tr><th colspan="9">Setarchinae</th></tr><tr><th>Ectreposebastes</th><td>P> N</td><td>Initially, three</td><td>Upper & lower</td><td>No 1</td><td>Elongate, fan-shaped;</td><td>Most of fin,</td><td>Yes</td><td>Supraocular spine may be stout,</td></tr><tr><th>imus</th><td></td><td>robust, about evenly</td><td>margins</td><td></td><td>tips to or beyond</td><td>but becomes</td><td></td><td>forward-angled (if unbroken).</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>spaced, longest near</td><td></td><td></td><td>terminal margin of AFB</td><td>more distal at</td><td></td><td>Parietals about three times longer</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>angle; one or two</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>larger sizes</td><td></td><td>than nuchals. Tip of lower jaw</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>added in later life</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>juts out slightly beyond upper</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>stages</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>jaw. Cranium cavernous, weakly</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>ossified, transparent.</td></tr><tr><th>Setarches</th><td>P> N</td><td>Upper 3–4 subequal,</td><td>Upper & lower</td><td>Unknown</td><td>Elongate, fan-shaped;</td><td>Unknown</td><td>Yes</td><td>High modal count of 22–24</td></tr><tr><th>guentheri 3</th><td></td><td>all about evenly</td><td>margins</td><td></td><td>tips likely to or beyond</td><td></td><td></td><td>pectoral-fin rays. Cranium</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>spaced; none</td><td></td><td></td><td>terminal margin of AFB</td><td></td><td></td><td>cavernous, weakly ossified,</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>distinctly elongate</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>transparent. Pigment scattered</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>over upper & lower surfaces of</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>visceral mass likely.</td></tr></tbody></table>.....Continued on the next page.....Continued on the next page1 Deeply embedded medial blotch just above pectoral-fin base expands to cover dorsal surface of gas bladder (Moser et al. 1977)2 Nuchals, if present, small to tiny & form late, often posterior to base of parietals3 Some characters based on limited description in Mertzlufft (2021)

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