Gorde:
| Egile nagusia: | |
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| Formatua: | Recurso digital |
| Hizkuntza: | |
| Argitaratua: |
Zenodo
2025
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| Gaiak: | |
| Sarrera elektronikoa: | https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17680507 |
| Etiketak: |
Etiketa erantsi
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Aurkibidea:
- <p><span>Snakebite envenomation represents a critical public health crisis, causing approximately 81,000 to 138,000 deaths annually worldwide, with India accounting for nearly 50% of global mortality [1][2]. While conventional serum-based antivenoms remain the standard treatment, they present significant limitations including adverse reactions in 3-43% of patients, cold chain requirements, limited availability in rural areas, and poor efficacy against local tissue damage [3][4] [5]. This comprehensive review systematically analyzes medicinal plants with demonstrated anti-snake venom properties, focusing on their phytochemical constituents, mechanisms of action, and therapeutic potential as alternatives or adjuncts to conventional therapy. An extensive literature review was conducted encompassing traditional ethnopharmacological knowledge, preclinical in vitro and in vivo studies, and phytochemical analyses. Over 50 medicinal plant species from diverse botanical families have demonstrated significant anti-venom activities, including Aristolochia indica, Andrographis paniculata, Curcuma longa, Azadirachta indica, Eclipta alba, Withania somnifera, Hemidesmus indicus, Vitex negundo, Emblica officinalis, and Mimosa pudica. The major bioactive phytochemical classes responsible for venom neutralization include terpenoids (28%), flavonoids (22%), alkaloids (18%), and phenolic compounds (15%). These compounds exert protective effects through multiple mechanisms: inhibition of phospholipase A2 enzymes, neutralization of metalloproteinases, blocking of neurotoxins, prevention of hemorrhage and edema, antioxidant activity, and membrane stabilization. Plant extracts have demonstrated 75-95% efficacy in neutralizing lethal, hemorrhagic, and edematous effects of venoms from Naja species, Daboia russelli, Bungarus species, and Echis carinatus. Substantial preclinical evidence supports the anti-venom potential of medicinal plants; however, translation to clinical practice requires standardized extraction protocols, rigorous clinical trials, pharmacokinetic studies, and regulatory approval. Plant-based compounds represent promising </span><span>candidates for developing novel oral antivenoms, adjuvant therapies to enhance conventional treatment, and first-aid interventions in remote areas.<span> </span></span></p>