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Λεπτομέρειες βιβλιογραφικής εγγραφής
Κύριοι συγγραφείς:	Qiang, Xin-He, Zhou, Chang-Fa
Μορφή:	Recurso digital
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Έκδοση:	Zenodo 2025
Θέματα:	Biodiversity Taxonomy Animalia Arthropoda Insecta Ephemeroptera Siphlonuridae Siphlonurus Siphlonurus polyspineus
Διαθέσιμο Online:	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18246769
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Siphlonurus polyspineus sp. nov.urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 66ABE0FE-78DC-43B3-B884-361D608EDA10Figures 20–26Material examinedHolotype: male imago, Laocaohe, Mohe City, Daxinganling District, Heilongjiang Province, 52.833392°N, 122.591656°E, ca. 480m, 16–19.VII. 2024, Xinhe Qiang, Ningning Wang and Yuxian Sun.Paratypes: 5 nymphs, 8&female; imagos, 2&male; imagos, 2&female; subimagos, 3&male; subimagos, with same label data as holotype.Additional materials: 10 &female; imagos, 3&male; imagos, Yalu River, Bugt Town, Yakeshi City, Inner Mongolia, 48.44625°N, 121.54724°E, ca. 670 m, 2.VIII.2007, Changfa Zhou, Hui Xie, and Shilei Wang; 15 &female; imagos, Chaor River, Tarqi Town, Yakeshan City, Inner Mongolia, 47.58584°N, 121.11288°E, ca. 760 m, 3.VIII.2007, Changfa Zhou, Hui Xie, and Shilei Wang; 50 nymphs, 20 &female; imagos, Gen River, Genhe City, Inner Mongolia, 50.46255°N, 121.31191°E, ca. 700 m, 9–10.VIII.2007, Changfa Zhou, Hui Xie, and Shilei Wang; 2&female; imagos, Genhe, Hexi Street, Genhe City, Hulunbuir City, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, 50.796106°N, 121.578682°E, ca. 720 m, 19.VII.2024, Xinhe Qiang, Ningning Wang, and Yuxian Sun.DescriptionMature nymph (in alcohol, Figs 20–22):Body length 11.0–13.0 mm, cerci 5.0–6.0 mm, length of terminal filament nearly subequal to cerci. Body generally yellowish to amber, legs with distinct dark brown bands (Figs 20A, B).Head: generally yellowish with pair of longitudinal dark brown stripe on vertex. Clypeus dark brown. Compound eyes dark grey. Antennae 1.0 mm, length of antennae subequal to length of head.Mouthparts: totally yellowish. Galea-lacinia and apical segment of maxillary palp dark brown. Labrum: free margin with row of dense bristle-like setae, additional row of setae near anterior margin dorsally. Ventral surface scattered with short dense bristle-like setae, forming an obvious median groove. Posterolateral corner slightly sclerotized. Length-to-width ratio about 1.0: 2.0 (Fig. 21A). Left mandible: apex of outer incisor divided into three denticles and inner one divided into two denticles, outer incisor wider than inner one. Prostheca composed of distinct stout spine and a tuft of numerous spines (Fig. 21B). Right mandible: apex of outer and inner incisors serrated into two denticles respectively. Prostheca constituted by tuft of spines and small spine. An additional tuft of hair-like setae on inner margin near molar (Fig. 21C). Lingua of Hypopharynx round, apical surface with dense short setae. Superlinguae with hair-like setae on apical and lateral margins (Fig. 21D). Maxillae: Apex of galea-lacinia divided into three broad canines.Apical margin of galea-lacinia with row of long setae. Inner margin with two rows of dense long setae and three stout apical dentisetae between them, two obvious dentisetae slightly longer than setae nearby. Three segments of maxillary palp with sparse setae on surface. Length of basal segment distinctly subequal to length of galea-lacinia, inner margin of maxillary palp segment II straight, length ratio of three segments ca. 1.0: 0.8: 0.5 (Figs 21E, F). Labium: glossae and paraglossae with dense bristle-like setae on surface, paraglossae semi-circle and broader than glossae. Three segments of labial palp with sparse setae and spines on surface, inner margin of segment III slightly concave, length ratio of three segments from basal to apical ca. 1.0: 0.6: 0.5 (Figs 21G, H).Thorax: nota totally yellowish with symmetric irregular variable spots, wingpads without spots (Fig. 20A). Coloration pattern of all legs similar, ground color yellowish, tarsi dark apically and basally. Surface of all legs with short sparse spines and setae (Figs 22A–C). Claws slim and pointed, without teeth (Fig. 22D). Length ratio of femora: tibiae: tarsus in all legs similar, ca. 1.7: 1.0: 1.1.Abdomen: Each abdominal terga with pair of dark spots in middle. Each sternum with inverted U-shaped marking (Fig. 20B). Posterolateral projection of each tergum well developed, progressively larger and wider from tergum I to tergum IX, length ratio of posterolateral spine on tergum IX to its tergum = 1.0: 4.0 (Figs 20C–E). Abdominal sternum IX of both sexes with slightly convex posterior margin (Figs 20D, E). Dorsal surface and posterior margins of abdominal terga I–IX covered with stout spine-like setae, while ventral surface and posterior margins of abdominal sterna I–IX with smaller, more sparse spine-like setae (Figs 20A–B). Dorsal surface and posterior margin of tergum X with sparse stout and pointed spine-like setae; lateral margins lack (Fig. 20F). Gills transparent and with distinct brown trachea, dorsal lamellae of gills I and II, along with the other five gills, with sclerotized ribs on the anterior margin and near the middle (Figs 22E–K). Gills I and II similar in size and shape, outer margins of dorsal and ventral lamellae of both gills I and II concave. Costal rib of dorsal lamella in gill II shorter than half of anterior margin (Figs 22E, F). Outer and posterior margins of gill III concave. Proximal plate of gill VII poorly developed (Figs 22G, K). Caudal filaments yellowish with two dark brown band subapically and apically. Mesal margins of cerci and both sides of terminal filament with dense hair-like setae (Fig. 20A, B).Male imago (in alcohol, Figs 23–24): body length 13.0–15.0 mm, cerci 13.0–15.0 mm, terminal filament 0.1 mm, forewing 9.0–10.0 mm, hindwing 4.0–5.0 mm, antennae 0.8 mm. General coloration brown and amber, wings transparent (Figs 23A–C). Head: Compound eyes contiguous and grey, ocelli pale with dark base. Antennae light brown with darker scape and pedicle. Thorax: general coloration dark brown. Posterior projection of mesonotum and metanotum distinctly convex (Fig. 23A). Wings: transparent. In forewing, Rs forked at 1/3 basal, MA forked near middle, MP forked at very base, near the forking point of Rs and MA. Rs and MA fused near base, stem of them further fused with MP. CuA slightly curved backwards, ended at outer margin before tornus, six small veins connecting CuA to hind margin. CuP attached at midpoint of hind margin. In hindwing, MA forked at apical 1/3, MP forked at basal 1/3 (Figs 23B, C). Legs: coxae of all legs dark brown, all legs generally whitish, without distinct markings. Each leg with two claws, acute and hooked (Figs 24A–D). Length ratio of femur, tibia and tarsal segments I–V of foreleg = 3.6: 3.4: 1.4: 2.2: 2.1: 1.3: 1.0; length ratio of midleg = 12.5: 10.5: 3.0: 3.0: 2.0: 1.0: 3.3; length ratio of hindleg = 13.0: 10.0: 3.3: 3.0: 1.7: 1.0: 3.1. Abdomen: Each tergum dark laterally, each abdominal sternum with an inverted U-shaped marking (Figs 23D, E). Posterolateral spines of abdominal segments VIII and IX relatively small (Figs 24E, F). Genitalia: Posterior margin of styliger slightly convex. Four segments of forceps uniformly light brown, length ratio of them from basal to apical = 1.5: 2.8: 1.0: 1.0. Inner margin of basal segment of forceps with projection, length of penis longer than styliger (Figs 24E, F). Dorsal elongation of penis short, blunt, and spineless, dorsal sclerotized transverse band of penis expanded in the middle, inner margin of each penis lobe with approximately 12 small spines, outer margin with approximately 7 serrated small spines. Each penis lobe with a slender and sharp projection posterolaterally and a translucent membranous structure ventrally (Figs 24G–J). Cerci light brown.Female imago (in alcohol, Fig. 25):Body length 14.0–16.0 mm, cerci 13.0–15.0 mm, terminal filament 0.1 mm, forewings 8.0–10.0 mm, hindwings 4.0–5.0 mm. Length ratio of forefemur: foretibia: foretarsal segments I–V = 7.0: 6.8: 2.6: 2.0: 2.0: 1.0: 1.6; length ratio of midleg = 10.8: 8.3: 3.0: 2.3: 1.7: 1.0: 2.3; length ratio of hindleg= 5.5: 3.3: 2.1: 1.6: 1.3: 1.2: 1.0. Color pattern of female similar to male, body dark brown, legs light brown. Wings transparent and veins clearer than in males (Figs 25A–E). Each tergum dark brown laterally. Each sternum brown with lighter posterior margin. Posterolateral spines of terga VIII and IX invisible (Figs 25B, C). Sternum VII extended posteriorly into trapezoidal lobe, subanal plate distinctly convex. Abdominal sternum VIII with pair of dark brown, funnel-like sclerotized stripes (Fig. 25F).Egg: generally oval (Fig. 26A). Surface nearly smooth (Fig. 26B).Etymology: Due to penis lobe of this species being notably spiny, with approximately 12 small spines near inner margin, it is named ‘ polyspineus ’ here. This specific name combines two words: poly - (multiple) and spineus (spine, small spine).Biology: This species is sympatric with S. chankae, S. lacustris, S. palaearcticus, and S. zhelochovtsevi, all collected in the same batch from the Laocaohe in Mohe City, Heilongjiang Province. These species inhabit small, slow-flowing pools near the banks of streams.Distribution: China (Heilongjiang Province, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region).Diagnosis: S. polyspineus sp. nov. can be distinguished from other species by following characters.Nymph: (1) body relatively smaller than others, from 11.0 to 13.0 mm; (2) wingpads without spots (Figs 20A, B); (3) Length ratio of first segment of maxillary palp to galea-lacinia about 1.0: 1.0, inner margin of maxillary palp segment II straight (Fig. 21E); (4) length ratio of posterolateral spine on tergum IX to its tergum = 1.0: 4.0 (Figs 20C–E); (5) each abdominal sternum with an inverted “U”-shaped marking (Fig. 20B); (6) posterior margin of abdominal sternum IX slightly convex (Figs 20D, E); (7) dorsal surface and posterior margin of tergum X has sparse stout and pointed spine-like setae, lateral margins lack (Fig. 20F); (8) outer margins of dorsal and ventral lamellae of both gills I and II concave; costal rib of dorsal lamella in gill II shorter than half of anterior margin (Figs 22E, F); outer and posterior margins of gill III concave, proximal plate of gill VII poorly developed (Figs 22G, K).Male imago: (1) smaller body, from 13.0 to 15.0 mm; (2) wings transparent; (3) all legs generally whitish, without distinct marking (Figs 23A–C); (4) each abdominal sternum with an inverted U-shaped marking (Fig. 23D); (5) posterolateral spines of abdominal segments VIII and IX relatively small (Figs 24E, F); inner margin of basal segment of forceps with projection, length of penis longer than styliger (Figs 24E, F); (6) dorsal elongation of penis short, blunt, and spineless, dorsal sclerotized transverse band of penis expanded in the middle; inner margin with approximately 12 small spines, outer margin with approximately 7 serrated small spines, each penis lobe with a slender and sharp projection posterolaterally (Figs 24G–J).Female imago: (1) body length 14.0–16.0 mm; (2) wings transparent; (3) sternum VII extended posteriorly into a trapezoidal lobe; (4) sternum VIII with a pair of dark brown, funnel-like sclerotized stripes (Fig. 25F).RemarksThe association between nymph and imago stages of this new species was confirmed through indoor rearing and COI sequence comparison.The penis lobes of S. lacustris and S. polyspineus sp. nov. are highly similar but exhibit subtle differences. In S. polyspineus sp. nov., dorsal elongation of penis lobe is short and blunt, inner margin of penis lobe has approximately 12 small spines and outer margin has about 7 serrated small spines. The posterolateral projection of penis lobe is slender and sharply pointed (Figs 24G–J). In contrast, dorsal elongation of penis lobe in S. lacustris is short and sharply pointed, inner margin of penis lobe has 5–6 long spines and outer margin has about four small spines. The posterolateral projection of penis lobe is short and broad (Figs 10H–J).In addition, inner margin of penis lobe in S. polyspineus sp. nov. bears numerous small spines, similar to those of S. abraxas Jacob, 1986 S. columbianus McDunnough, 1925, S. barbaroides McDunnough, 1929, and S. occidentalis Eaton, 1885. However, posterolateral projection of penis lobe of this species is more distinctly slender and sharply pointed, and posterior margin of penis lobe lacks any indentation (Fig. 24J).Navás (1912) originally described a species Andromina grisea from Far-East Russia. Edmunds (1960) later transferred this species to the genus Siphlonurus, a combination subsequently confirmed by Kluge (2004). This species was based on two female subimaginal specimens. Given the distribution and type locality of Siphlonurus griseus, it is possible that our newly described species, S. polyspineus sp. nov., could be the additional finding of S. griseus. However, this hypothesis requires further verification, including additional collections from the type locality and molecular confirmation via COI sequence analysis. At present, we consider the designation of a new species (S. polyspineus sp. nov.) to be the best arrangement.

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