Salvato in:
| Autore principale: | |
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| Natura: | Recurso digital |
| Lingua: | inglese |
| Pubblicazione: |
Zenodo
2026
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| Soggetti: | |
| Accesso online: | https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18277155 |
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Sommario:
- <p>The Second Law of Thermodynamics asserts that entropy in isolated systems<br>tends toward maximum, with heat transfer representing dissipative energy disper<br>sion. We present experimental evidence challenging this axiom through systematic<br>observations of entropy-decreasing processes driven by active thermal gradients. Us<br>ing controlled experiments, we demonstrate: (1) spontaneous organization of matter<br>against gravitational potential toward heat sources (negentropy), (2) instantaneous<br>cessation of thermodynamic work (<0.2s) upon gradient removal despite thermal<br>state retention at 100.8°C, demonstrating that work depends on gradient ∇T rather<br>than temperature T, and (3) vapor phase transitions at 30.1°C (69.9°C below stan<br>dard boiling point), indicating gradient-driven extraction violates equilibrium ther<br>modynamics. Analysis reveals tripartite energy dynamics where thermal gradients<br>store energy in eld structure (Ugradient), enabling mechanical work through internal<br>energy reservoirs independent of bulk temperature. We propose that heat ux func<br>tions as an organizing attractive force rather than purely dispersive energy, with the<br>thermal gradient generating mechanical work that locally decreases entropy. These<br>ndings suggest fundamental revision of the Second Law to account for gradient<br>dominated non-equilibrium regimes where |∇T| exceeds critical thresholds.</p>