I tiakina i:
| Kaituhi matua: | |
|---|---|
| Hōputu: | Recurso digital |
| Reo: | Ingarihi |
| I whakaputaina: |
Zenodo
2025
|
| Ngā marau: | |
| Urunga tuihono: | https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20095313 |
| Ngā Tūtohu: |
Tāpirihia he Tūtohu
Kāore He Tūtohu, Me noho koe te mea tuatahi ki te tūtohu i tēnei pūkete!
|
Rārangi ihirangi:
- <p>Navigation warfare has become strategically significant in the context of electromagnetic dominance, shaping modern electronic warfare (EW) towards the era of spectrum warfare (SW). Modern battlespace is evolving towards the warfare between algorithms for sensing, deception and protection of navigation environment. As military and civilian systems depend more heavily on precise positioning and timing, competition for spectrum dominance intensifies. Global navigation satellite system (GNSS) has become a cornerstone technology for positioning, navigation, and timing (PNT) across a wide array of civilian and military applications. However, the low-power, open-access nature of GNSS signals makes them inherently vulnerable to spoofing attacks, wherein counterfeit signals are transmitted to mislead receivers about their true position, time, or velocity. This paper presents a comprehensive survey of GNSS spoofing threats, categorizing them into simplistic replay-based attacks (meaconing), intermediate-level signal regeneration, and sophisticated coherent spoofing capable of mimicking authentic satellite dynamics. The paper analytically explores key challenges in spoofing such as high signal fidelity, Doppler shift emulation, time synchronization, and power-level management, each critical for a successful yet covert attack. On the defensive side, we present an in-depth review of state-of-the-art anti-spoofing techniques, including cryptographic authentication, signal quality monitoring, angle-of-arrival (AoA) estimation using multi-antenna arrays, carrier-phase analysis, clock anomaly detection, and machine learning-based classification. Particular attention is given to spatial-domain approaches such as the controlled reception pattern antenna (CRPA) based methodology and cluster entropy analysis, which detect spoofing based on angular clustering of incoming signals. We further provide a rigorous comparison of anti-spoofing techniques in</p>