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| Format: | Preprint |
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2021
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| Online Access: | https://arxiv.org/abs/2111.01317 |
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| _version_ | 1866916377783173120 |
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| author | Satapathy, Kaushik Psaltis, Dimitrios Ozel, Feryal Medeiros, Lia Dougall, Sean T. Chan, Chi-kwan Wielgus, Maciek Prather, Ben S. Wong, George N. Gammie, Charles F. Akiyama, Kazunori Alberdi, Antxon Alef, Walter Algaba, Juan Carlos Anantua, Richard Asada, Keiichi Azulay, Rebecca Baczko, Anne-Kathrin Ball, David R. Baloković, Mislav Barrett, John Benson, Bradford A. Bintley, Dan Blackburn, Lindy Blundell, Raymond Boland, Wilfred Bouman, Katherine L. Bower, Geoffrey C. Boyce, Hope A. Bremer, Michael Brinkerink, Christiaan D. Brissenden, Roger Britzen, Silke Broderick, Avery E. Broguiere, Dominique Bronzwaer, Thomas Bustamente, Sandra Byun, Do-Young Carlstrom, John E. Chael, Andrew Chatterjee, Koushik Chatterjee, Shami Chen, Ming-Tang Chen, Yongjun Cho, Ilje Christian, Pierre Conway, John E. Cordes, James M. Crawford, Thomas Crew, Geoffrey B. Osorio, Alejandro Cruz Cui, Yuzhu Davelaar, Jordy De Laurentis, Mariafelicia Deane, Roger Dempsey, Jessica T. Desvignes, Gregory Dexter, Jason Doeleman, Sheperd S. Eatough, Ralph Falcke, Heino Farah, Joseph R. Fish, Vincent Fomalont, Edward B. Ford, H. Alyson Fraga-Encinas, Raquel Friberg, Per Fromm, Christian M. Fuentes, Antonio Galison, Peter García, Roberto Gentaz, Olivier Georgiev, Boris Goddi, Ciriaco Gold, Roman Gomez-Ruiz, Arturo I. Gómez, Jose L. Gu, Minfeng Gurwell, Mark A. Hada, Kazuhiro Haggard, Daryl Hecht, Michael Hesper, Ronald Ho, Luis C. Ho, Paul T. Honma, Mareki Huang, Chih-Wei L. Huang, Lei Hughes, David H. Ikeda, Shiro Inoue, Makoto Issaoun, Sara James, David J. Jannuzi, Buell T. Janssen, Michael Jeter, Britton Jiang, Wu Rosales, Alejandra Jimenez Johnson, Michael D. Jorstad, Svetlana G. Jung, Taehyun Karami, Mansour Karuppusamy, Ramesh Kawashima, Tomohisa Keating, Garrett K. Kettenis, Mark Kim, Dong-Jin Kim, Jae-Young Kim, Jongsoo Kim, Junhan Kino, Motoki Koay, Jun Yi Kofuji, Yutaro Koch, Patrick M. Koyama, Shoko Kramer, Carsten Kramer, Michael Krichbaum, Thomas P. Kuo, Cheng-Yu Lauer, Tod R. Lee, Sang-Sung Levis, Aviad Li, Yan-Rong Li, Zhiyuan Lindqvist, Michael Lico, Rocco Lindahl, Greg Liu, Jun Liu, Kuo Liuzzo, Miss Elisabetta Lo, Wen-Ping Lobanov, Andrei Loinard, Laurent Lonsdale, Colin J. Lu, Rusen MacDonald, Nicholas R. Mao, Jirong Marchili, Nicola Markoff, Sera Marrone, Daniel Marscher, Alan P. Marti-Vidal, Ivan Matsushita, Satoki Matthews, Lynn Menten, Karl M. Mizuno, Izumi Mizuno, Yosuke Moran, James Moriyama, Kotaro Moscibrodzka, Monika Muller, Cornelia Mejias, Alejandro M. Musoke, Gibwa Nagai, Hiroshi Nagar, Neil M. Nakamura, Masanori Narayan, Ramesh Narayanan, Gopal Natarajan, Iniyan Nathanail, Antonios Neilsen, Joey Neri, Roberto Ni, Chunchong Noutsos, Aristeidis Nowak, Michael A. Okino, Hiroki Olivares, Hector Ortiz-Leon, Gisela N. Oyama, Tomoaki Palumbo, Daniel C. Park, Jongho Patel, Nimesh A. Pen, Ue-Li Pesce, Dominic W. Pietu, Vincent Plambeck, Richard L. PopStefanija, Aleksandar Porth, Oliver Potzl, Felix Preciado-López, Jorge A. Pu, Hung-Yi Ramakrishnan, Venkatessh Rao, Ramprasad Rawlings, Mark Raymond, Alexander W. Rezzolla, Luciano Ripperda, Bart Roelofs, Freek Rogers, Alan E. E. Ros, Eduardo Rose, Mel Roshanineshat, Arash Rottmann, Helge Roy, Alan L. Ruszczyk, Chet Rygl, Kazi Sanchez, Salvador Sanchez-Arguelles, David Sasada, Mahito Savolainen, Tuomas Schloerb, F Peter Schuster, Karl-Friedrich Shao, Lijing Shen, Zhi-Qiang Small, Des Sohn, Bong Won SooHoo, Jason Sun, He Tazaki, Fumie Tetarenko, Alexandra J. Tiede, Paul Tilanus, Remo Titus, Michael Toma, Kenji Torne, Pablo Traianou, E. Trent, Tyler Trippe, Sascha van Bemmel, Ilse van Langevelde, Huib Jan van Rossum, Daniel R. Wagner, Jan Ward-Thompson, Derek Wardle, John F. Weintroub, Jonathan Wex, Norbert Wharton, Robert Wiik, Kaj Wu, Qingwen Yoon, DooSoo Young, Andre Young, Ken H. Younsi, Ziri Yuan, Feng Yuan, Ye-Fei Zensus, J. Anton Zhao, Guang-Yao Zhao, Shan-Shan |
| author_facet | Satapathy, Kaushik Psaltis, Dimitrios Ozel, Feryal Medeiros, Lia Dougall, Sean T. Chan, Chi-kwan Wielgus, Maciek Prather, Ben S. Wong, George N. Gammie, Charles F. Akiyama, Kazunori Alberdi, Antxon Alef, Walter Algaba, Juan Carlos Anantua, Richard Asada, Keiichi Azulay, Rebecca Baczko, Anne-Kathrin Ball, David R. Baloković, Mislav Barrett, John Benson, Bradford A. Bintley, Dan Blackburn, Lindy Blundell, Raymond Boland, Wilfred Bouman, Katherine L. Bower, Geoffrey C. Boyce, Hope A. Bremer, Michael Brinkerink, Christiaan D. Brissenden, Roger Britzen, Silke Broderick, Avery E. Broguiere, Dominique Bronzwaer, Thomas Bustamente, Sandra Byun, Do-Young Carlstrom, John E. Chael, Andrew Chatterjee, Koushik Chatterjee, Shami Chen, Ming-Tang Chen, Yongjun Cho, Ilje Christian, Pierre Conway, John E. Cordes, James M. Crawford, Thomas Crew, Geoffrey B. Osorio, Alejandro Cruz Cui, Yuzhu Davelaar, Jordy De Laurentis, Mariafelicia Deane, Roger Dempsey, Jessica T. Desvignes, Gregory Dexter, Jason Doeleman, Sheperd S. Eatough, Ralph Falcke, Heino Farah, Joseph R. Fish, Vincent Fomalont, Edward B. Ford, H. Alyson Fraga-Encinas, Raquel Friberg, Per Fromm, Christian M. Fuentes, Antonio Galison, Peter García, Roberto Gentaz, Olivier Georgiev, Boris Goddi, Ciriaco Gold, Roman Gomez-Ruiz, Arturo I. Gómez, Jose L. Gu, Minfeng Gurwell, Mark A. Hada, Kazuhiro Haggard, Daryl Hecht, Michael Hesper, Ronald Ho, Luis C. Ho, Paul T. Honma, Mareki Huang, Chih-Wei L. Huang, Lei Hughes, David H. Ikeda, Shiro Inoue, Makoto Issaoun, Sara James, David J. Jannuzi, Buell T. Janssen, Michael Jeter, Britton Jiang, Wu Rosales, Alejandra Jimenez Johnson, Michael D. Jorstad, Svetlana G. Jung, Taehyun Karami, Mansour Karuppusamy, Ramesh Kawashima, Tomohisa Keating, Garrett K. Kettenis, Mark Kim, Dong-Jin Kim, Jae-Young Kim, Jongsoo Kim, Junhan Kino, Motoki Koay, Jun Yi Kofuji, Yutaro Koch, Patrick M. Koyama, Shoko Kramer, Carsten Kramer, Michael Krichbaum, Thomas P. Kuo, Cheng-Yu Lauer, Tod R. Lee, Sang-Sung Levis, Aviad Li, Yan-Rong Li, Zhiyuan Lindqvist, Michael Lico, Rocco Lindahl, Greg Liu, Jun Liu, Kuo Liuzzo, Miss Elisabetta Lo, Wen-Ping Lobanov, Andrei Loinard, Laurent Lonsdale, Colin J. Lu, Rusen MacDonald, Nicholas R. Mao, Jirong Marchili, Nicola Markoff, Sera Marrone, Daniel Marscher, Alan P. Marti-Vidal, Ivan Matsushita, Satoki Matthews, Lynn Menten, Karl M. Mizuno, Izumi Mizuno, Yosuke Moran, James Moriyama, Kotaro Moscibrodzka, Monika Muller, Cornelia Mejias, Alejandro M. Musoke, Gibwa Nagai, Hiroshi Nagar, Neil M. Nakamura, Masanori Narayan, Ramesh Narayanan, Gopal Natarajan, Iniyan Nathanail, Antonios Neilsen, Joey Neri, Roberto Ni, Chunchong Noutsos, Aristeidis Nowak, Michael A. Okino, Hiroki Olivares, Hector Ortiz-Leon, Gisela N. Oyama, Tomoaki Palumbo, Daniel C. Park, Jongho Patel, Nimesh A. Pen, Ue-Li Pesce, Dominic W. Pietu, Vincent Plambeck, Richard L. PopStefanija, Aleksandar Porth, Oliver Potzl, Felix Preciado-López, Jorge A. Pu, Hung-Yi Ramakrishnan, Venkatessh Rao, Ramprasad Rawlings, Mark Raymond, Alexander W. Rezzolla, Luciano Ripperda, Bart Roelofs, Freek Rogers, Alan E. E. Ros, Eduardo Rose, Mel Roshanineshat, Arash Rottmann, Helge Roy, Alan L. Ruszczyk, Chet Rygl, Kazi Sanchez, Salvador Sanchez-Arguelles, David Sasada, Mahito Savolainen, Tuomas Schloerb, F Peter Schuster, Karl-Friedrich Shao, Lijing Shen, Zhi-Qiang Small, Des Sohn, Bong Won SooHoo, Jason Sun, He Tazaki, Fumie Tetarenko, Alexandra J. Tiede, Paul Tilanus, Remo Titus, Michael Toma, Kenji Torne, Pablo Traianou, E. Trent, Tyler Trippe, Sascha van Bemmel, Ilse van Langevelde, Huib Jan van Rossum, Daniel R. Wagner, Jan Ward-Thompson, Derek Wardle, John F. Weintroub, Jonathan Wex, Norbert Wharton, Robert Wiik, Kaj Wu, Qingwen Yoon, DooSoo Young, Andre Young, Ken H. Younsi, Ziri Yuan, Feng Yuan, Ye-Fei Zensus, J. Anton Zhao, Guang-Yao Zhao, Shan-Shan |
| contents | The black-hole images obtained with the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) are expected to be variable at the dynamical timescale near their horizons. For the black hole at the center of the M87 galaxy, this timescale (5-61 days) is comparable to the 6-day extent of the 2017 EHT observations. Closure phases along baseline triangles are robust interferometric observables that are sensitive to the expected structural changes of the images but are free of station-based atmospheric and instrumental errors. We explored the day-to-day variability in closure phase measurements on all six linearly independent non-trivial baseline triangles that can be formed from the 2017 observations. We showed that three triangles exhibit very low day-to-day variability, with a dispersion of $\sim3-5^\circ$. The only triangles that exhibit substantially higher variability ($\sim90-180^\circ$) are the ones with baselines that cross visibility amplitude minima on the $u-v$ plane, as expected from theoretical modeling. We used two sets of General Relativistic magnetohydrodynamic simulations to explore the dependence of the predicted variability on various black-hole and accretion-flow parameters. We found that changing the magnetic field configuration, electron temperature model, or black-hole spin has a marginal effect on the model consistency with the observed level of variability. On the other hand, the most discriminating image characteristic of models is the fractional width of the bright ring of emission. Models that best reproduce the observed small level of variability are characterized by thin ring-like images with structures dominated by gravitational lensing effects and thus least affected by turbulence in the accreting plasmas. |
| format | Preprint |
| id |
arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2111_01317 |
| institution | arXiv |
| publishDate | 2021 |
| record_format | arxiv |
| spellingShingle | The Variability of the Black-Hole Image in M87 at the Dynamical Time Scale Satapathy, Kaushik Psaltis, Dimitrios Ozel, Feryal Medeiros, Lia Dougall, Sean T. Chan, Chi-kwan Wielgus, Maciek Prather, Ben S. Wong, George N. Gammie, Charles F. Akiyama, Kazunori Alberdi, Antxon Alef, Walter Algaba, Juan Carlos Anantua, Richard Asada, Keiichi Azulay, Rebecca Baczko, Anne-Kathrin Ball, David R. Baloković, Mislav Barrett, John Benson, Bradford A. Bintley, Dan Blackburn, Lindy Blundell, Raymond Boland, Wilfred Bouman, Katherine L. Bower, Geoffrey C. Boyce, Hope A. Bremer, Michael Brinkerink, Christiaan D. Brissenden, Roger Britzen, Silke Broderick, Avery E. Broguiere, Dominique Bronzwaer, Thomas Bustamente, Sandra Byun, Do-Young Carlstrom, John E. Chael, Andrew Chatterjee, Koushik Chatterjee, Shami Chen, Ming-Tang Chen, Yongjun Cho, Ilje Christian, Pierre Conway, John E. Cordes, James M. Crawford, Thomas Crew, Geoffrey B. Osorio, Alejandro Cruz Cui, Yuzhu Davelaar, Jordy De Laurentis, Mariafelicia Deane, Roger Dempsey, Jessica T. Desvignes, Gregory Dexter, Jason Doeleman, Sheperd S. Eatough, Ralph Falcke, Heino Farah, Joseph R. Fish, Vincent Fomalont, Edward B. Ford, H. Alyson Fraga-Encinas, Raquel Friberg, Per Fromm, Christian M. Fuentes, Antonio Galison, Peter García, Roberto Gentaz, Olivier Georgiev, Boris Goddi, Ciriaco Gold, Roman Gomez-Ruiz, Arturo I. Gómez, Jose L. Gu, Minfeng Gurwell, Mark A. Hada, Kazuhiro Haggard, Daryl Hecht, Michael Hesper, Ronald Ho, Luis C. Ho, Paul T. Honma, Mareki Huang, Chih-Wei L. Huang, Lei Hughes, David H. Ikeda, Shiro Inoue, Makoto Issaoun, Sara James, David J. Jannuzi, Buell T. Janssen, Michael Jeter, Britton Jiang, Wu Rosales, Alejandra Jimenez Johnson, Michael D. Jorstad, Svetlana G. Jung, Taehyun Karami, Mansour Karuppusamy, Ramesh Kawashima, Tomohisa Keating, Garrett K. Kettenis, Mark Kim, Dong-Jin Kim, Jae-Young Kim, Jongsoo Kim, Junhan Kino, Motoki Koay, Jun Yi Kofuji, Yutaro Koch, Patrick M. Koyama, Shoko Kramer, Carsten Kramer, Michael Krichbaum, Thomas P. Kuo, Cheng-Yu Lauer, Tod R. Lee, Sang-Sung Levis, Aviad Li, Yan-Rong Li, Zhiyuan Lindqvist, Michael Lico, Rocco Lindahl, Greg Liu, Jun Liu, Kuo Liuzzo, Miss Elisabetta Lo, Wen-Ping Lobanov, Andrei Loinard, Laurent Lonsdale, Colin J. Lu, Rusen MacDonald, Nicholas R. Mao, Jirong Marchili, Nicola Markoff, Sera Marrone, Daniel Marscher, Alan P. Marti-Vidal, Ivan Matsushita, Satoki Matthews, Lynn Menten, Karl M. Mizuno, Izumi Mizuno, Yosuke Moran, James Moriyama, Kotaro Moscibrodzka, Monika Muller, Cornelia Mejias, Alejandro M. Musoke, Gibwa Nagai, Hiroshi Nagar, Neil M. Nakamura, Masanori Narayan, Ramesh Narayanan, Gopal Natarajan, Iniyan Nathanail, Antonios Neilsen, Joey Neri, Roberto Ni, Chunchong Noutsos, Aristeidis Nowak, Michael A. Okino, Hiroki Olivares, Hector Ortiz-Leon, Gisela N. Oyama, Tomoaki Palumbo, Daniel C. Park, Jongho Patel, Nimesh A. Pen, Ue-Li Pesce, Dominic W. Pietu, Vincent Plambeck, Richard L. PopStefanija, Aleksandar Porth, Oliver Potzl, Felix Preciado-López, Jorge A. Pu, Hung-Yi Ramakrishnan, Venkatessh Rao, Ramprasad Rawlings, Mark Raymond, Alexander W. Rezzolla, Luciano Ripperda, Bart Roelofs, Freek Rogers, Alan E. E. Ros, Eduardo Rose, Mel Roshanineshat, Arash Rottmann, Helge Roy, Alan L. Ruszczyk, Chet Rygl, Kazi Sanchez, Salvador Sanchez-Arguelles, David Sasada, Mahito Savolainen, Tuomas Schloerb, F Peter Schuster, Karl-Friedrich Shao, Lijing Shen, Zhi-Qiang Small, Des Sohn, Bong Won SooHoo, Jason Sun, He Tazaki, Fumie Tetarenko, Alexandra J. Tiede, Paul Tilanus, Remo Titus, Michael Toma, Kenji Torne, Pablo Traianou, E. Trent, Tyler Trippe, Sascha van Bemmel, Ilse van Langevelde, Huib Jan van Rossum, Daniel R. Wagner, Jan Ward-Thompson, Derek Wardle, John F. Weintroub, Jonathan Wex, Norbert Wharton, Robert Wiik, Kaj Wu, Qingwen Yoon, DooSoo Young, Andre Young, Ken H. Younsi, Ziri Yuan, Feng Yuan, Ye-Fei Zensus, J. Anton Zhao, Guang-Yao Zhao, Shan-Shan High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena The black-hole images obtained with the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) are expected to be variable at the dynamical timescale near their horizons. For the black hole at the center of the M87 galaxy, this timescale (5-61 days) is comparable to the 6-day extent of the 2017 EHT observations. Closure phases along baseline triangles are robust interferometric observables that are sensitive to the expected structural changes of the images but are free of station-based atmospheric and instrumental errors. We explored the day-to-day variability in closure phase measurements on all six linearly independent non-trivial baseline triangles that can be formed from the 2017 observations. We showed that three triangles exhibit very low day-to-day variability, with a dispersion of $\sim3-5^\circ$. The only triangles that exhibit substantially higher variability ($\sim90-180^\circ$) are the ones with baselines that cross visibility amplitude minima on the $u-v$ plane, as expected from theoretical modeling. We used two sets of General Relativistic magnetohydrodynamic simulations to explore the dependence of the predicted variability on various black-hole and accretion-flow parameters. We found that changing the magnetic field configuration, electron temperature model, or black-hole spin has a marginal effect on the model consistency with the observed level of variability. On the other hand, the most discriminating image characteristic of models is the fractional width of the bright ring of emission. Models that best reproduce the observed small level of variability are characterized by thin ring-like images with structures dominated by gravitational lensing effects and thus least affected by turbulence in the accreting plasmas. |
| title | The Variability of the Black-Hole Image in M87 at the Dynamical Time Scale |
| topic | High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena |
| url | https://arxiv.org/abs/2111.01317 |