Calculating Nash Equilibrium on Quantum Annealers
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arXiv
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| Auteurs principaux: | , , , , |
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| Format: | Preprint |
| Publié: |
2021
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| _version_ | 1866929216259358720 |
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| author | Okrut, Olga Cannon, Keith El-Safty, Kareem H. Elsokkary, Nada Khan, Faisal Shah |
| author_facet | Okrut, Olga Cannon, Keith El-Safty, Kareem H. Elsokkary, Nada Khan, Faisal Shah |
| contents | Adiabatic quantum computing is implemented on specialized hardware using the heuristics of the quantum annealing algorithm. This setup requires the addressed problems to be formatted as discrete quadratic functions without constraints and the variables to take binary values only. The problem of finding Nash equilibrium in two-player, non-cooperative games is a two-fold quadratic optimization problem with constraints. This problem was formatted as a single, constrained quadratic optimization in 1964 by Mangasarian and Stone. Here, we show that adding penalty terms to the quadratic function formulation of Nash equilibrium gives a quadratic unconstrained binary optimization (QUBO) formulation of this problem that can be executed on quantum annealers. Three examples are discussed to highlight the success of the formulation, and an overall, time-to-solution (hardware + software processing) speed up of seven to ten times is reported on quantum annealers developed by D-Wave System. |
| format | Preprint |
| id |
arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2112_12583 |
| institution | arXiv |
| publishDate | 2021 |
| record_format | arxiv |
| spellingShingle | Calculating Nash Equilibrium on Quantum Annealers Okrut, Olga Cannon, Keith El-Safty, Kareem H. Elsokkary, Nada Khan, Faisal Shah Computer Science and Game Theory Emerging Technologies Quantum Physics Adiabatic quantum computing is implemented on specialized hardware using the heuristics of the quantum annealing algorithm. This setup requires the addressed problems to be formatted as discrete quadratic functions without constraints and the variables to take binary values only. The problem of finding Nash equilibrium in two-player, non-cooperative games is a two-fold quadratic optimization problem with constraints. This problem was formatted as a single, constrained quadratic optimization in 1964 by Mangasarian and Stone. Here, we show that adding penalty terms to the quadratic function formulation of Nash equilibrium gives a quadratic unconstrained binary optimization (QUBO) formulation of this problem that can be executed on quantum annealers. Three examples are discussed to highlight the success of the formulation, and an overall, time-to-solution (hardware + software processing) speed up of seven to ten times is reported on quantum annealers developed by D-Wave System. |
| title | Calculating Nash Equilibrium on Quantum Annealers |
| topic | Computer Science and Game Theory Emerging Technologies Quantum Physics |
| url | https://arxiv.org/abs/2112.12583 |