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Determining the bubble nucleation efficiency of low-energy nuclear recoils in superheated C$_3$F$_8$ dark matter detectors

Fuente: arXiv

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Main Authors:	Ali, B., Arnquist, I. J., Baxter, D., Behnke, E., Bressler, M., Broerman, B., Clark, K., Collar, J. I., Cooper, P. S., Cripe, C., Crisler, M., Dahl, C. E., Das, M., Durnford, D., Fallows, S., Farine, J., Filgas, R., García-Viltres, A., Girard, F., Giroux, G., Harris, O., Hoppe, E. W., Jackson, C. M., Jin, M., Krauss, C. B., Kumar, V., Lafreniere, M., Laurin, M., Lawson, I., Leblanc, A., Leng, H., Levine, I., Licciardi, C., Linden, S., Mitra, P., Monette, V., Moore, C., Neilson, R., Noble, A. J., Nozard, H., Pal, S., Piro, M. -C., Plante, A., Priya, S., Rethmeier, C., Robinson, A. E., Savoie, J., Scallon, O., Sonnenschein, A., Starinski, N., Štekl, I., Tiwari, D., Tardif, F., Vázquez-Jáuregui, E., Wichoski, U., Zacek, V., Zhang, J.
Format:	Preprint
Published:	2022
Subjects:	Instrumentation and Detectors Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics
Online Access:	Acceder al recurso
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_version_	1866913789850419200
author	Ali, B. Arnquist, I. J. Baxter, D. Behnke, E. Bressler, M. Broerman, B. Clark, K. Collar, J. I. Cooper, P. S. Cripe, C. Crisler, M. Dahl, C. E. Das, M. Durnford, D. Fallows, S. Farine, J. Filgas, R. García-Viltres, A. Girard, F. Giroux, G. Harris, O. Hoppe, E. W. Jackson, C. M. Jin, M. Krauss, C. B. Kumar, V. Lafreniere, M. Laurin, M. Lawson, I. Leblanc, A. Leng, H. Levine, I. Licciardi, C. Linden, S. Mitra, P. Monette, V. Moore, C. Neilson, R. Noble, A. J. Nozard, H. Pal, S. Piro, M. -C. Plante, A. Priya, S. Rethmeier, C. Robinson, A. E. Savoie, J. Scallon, O. Sonnenschein, A. Starinski, N. Štekl, I. Tiwari, D. Tardif, F. Vázquez-Jáuregui, E. Wichoski, U. Zacek, V. Zhang, J.
author_facet	Ali, B. Arnquist, I. J. Baxter, D. Behnke, E. Bressler, M. Broerman, B. Clark, K. Collar, J. I. Cooper, P. S. Cripe, C. Crisler, M. Dahl, C. E. Das, M. Durnford, D. Fallows, S. Farine, J. Filgas, R. García-Viltres, A. Girard, F. Giroux, G. Harris, O. Hoppe, E. W. Jackson, C. M. Jin, M. Krauss, C. B. Kumar, V. Lafreniere, M. Laurin, M. Lawson, I. Leblanc, A. Leng, H. Levine, I. Licciardi, C. Linden, S. Mitra, P. Monette, V. Moore, C. Neilson, R. Noble, A. J. Nozard, H. Pal, S. Piro, M. -C. Plante, A. Priya, S. Rethmeier, C. Robinson, A. E. Savoie, J. Scallon, O. Sonnenschein, A. Starinski, N. Štekl, I. Tiwari, D. Tardif, F. Vázquez-Jáuregui, E. Wichoski, U. Zacek, V. Zhang, J.
contents	The bubble nucleation efficiency of low-energy nuclear recoils in superheated liquids plays a crucial role in interpreting results from direct searches for weakly interacting massive particle (WIMP) dark matter. The PICO Collaboration presents the results of the efficiencies for bubble nucleation from carbon and fluorine recoils in superheated C$_3$F$_8$ from calibration data taken with 5 distinct neutron spectra at various thermodynamic thresholds ranging from 2.1 keV to 3.9 keV. Instead of assuming any particular functional forms for the nuclear recoil efficiency, a generalized piecewise linear model is proposed with systematic errors included as nuisance parameters to minimize model-introduced uncertainties. A Markov-Chain Monte-Carlo (MCMC) routine is applied to sample the nuclear recoil efficiency for fluorine and carbon at 2.45 keV and 3.29 keV thermodynamic thresholds simultaneously. The nucleation efficiency for fluorine was found to be $\geq 50\, \%$ for nuclear recoils of 3.3 keV (3.7 keV) at a thermodynamic Seitz threshold of 2.45 keV (3.29 keV), and for carbon the efficiency was found to be $\geq 50\, \%$ for recoils of 10.6 keV (11.1 keV) at a threshold of 2.45 keV (3.29 keV). Simulated data sets are used to calculate a p-value for the fit, confirming that the model used is compatible with the data. The fit paradigm is also assessed for potential systematic biases, which although small, are corrected for. Additional steps are performed to calculate the expected interaction rates of WIMPs in the PICO-60 detector, a requirement for calculating WIMP exclusion limits.
format	Preprint
id	arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2205_05771
institution	arXiv
publishDate	2022
record_format	arxiv
spellingShingle	Determining the bubble nucleation efficiency of low-energy nuclear recoils in superheated C$_3$F$_8$ dark matter detectors Ali, B. Arnquist, I. J. Baxter, D. Behnke, E. Bressler, M. Broerman, B. Clark, K. Collar, J. I. Cooper, P. S. Cripe, C. Crisler, M. Dahl, C. E. Das, M. Durnford, D. Fallows, S. Farine, J. Filgas, R. García-Viltres, A. Girard, F. Giroux, G. Harris, O. Hoppe, E. W. Jackson, C. M. Jin, M. Krauss, C. B. Kumar, V. Lafreniere, M. Laurin, M. Lawson, I. Leblanc, A. Leng, H. Levine, I. Licciardi, C. Linden, S. Mitra, P. Monette, V. Moore, C. Neilson, R. Noble, A. J. Nozard, H. Pal, S. Piro, M. -C. Plante, A. Priya, S. Rethmeier, C. Robinson, A. E. Savoie, J. Scallon, O. Sonnenschein, A. Starinski, N. Štekl, I. Tiwari, D. Tardif, F. Vázquez-Jáuregui, E. Wichoski, U. Zacek, V. Zhang, J. Instrumentation and Detectors Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics The bubble nucleation efficiency of low-energy nuclear recoils in superheated liquids plays a crucial role in interpreting results from direct searches for weakly interacting massive particle (WIMP) dark matter. The PICO Collaboration presents the results of the efficiencies for bubble nucleation from carbon and fluorine recoils in superheated C$_3$F$_8$ from calibration data taken with 5 distinct neutron spectra at various thermodynamic thresholds ranging from 2.1 keV to 3.9 keV. Instead of assuming any particular functional forms for the nuclear recoil efficiency, a generalized piecewise linear model is proposed with systematic errors included as nuisance parameters to minimize model-introduced uncertainties. A Markov-Chain Monte-Carlo (MCMC) routine is applied to sample the nuclear recoil efficiency for fluorine and carbon at 2.45 keV and 3.29 keV thermodynamic thresholds simultaneously. The nucleation efficiency for fluorine was found to be $\geq 50\, \%$ for nuclear recoils of 3.3 keV (3.7 keV) at a thermodynamic Seitz threshold of 2.45 keV (3.29 keV), and for carbon the efficiency was found to be $\geq 50\, \%$ for recoils of 10.6 keV (11.1 keV) at a threshold of 2.45 keV (3.29 keV). Simulated data sets are used to calculate a p-value for the fit, confirming that the model used is compatible with the data. The fit paradigm is also assessed for potential systematic biases, which although small, are corrected for. Additional steps are performed to calculate the expected interaction rates of WIMPs in the PICO-60 detector, a requirement for calculating WIMP exclusion limits.
title	Determining the bubble nucleation efficiency of low-energy nuclear recoils in superheated C$_3$F$_8$ dark matter detectors
topic	Instrumentation and Detectors Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics
url	https://arxiv.org/abs/2205.05771