Unexpected Biases between Congruence Classes for Parts in k-indivisible Partitions

Fuente: arXiv
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Main Authors: Jackson, Faye, Otgonbayar, Misheel
Format: Preprint
Published: 2022
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author Jackson, Faye
Otgonbayar, Misheel
author_facet Jackson, Faye
Otgonbayar, Misheel
contents For integers $k,t \geq 2$, and $1\leq r \leq t$ let $D_k^\times(r,t;n)$ be the number of parts among all $k$-indivisible partitions of $n$ (i.e., partitions where all parts are not divisible by $k$) of $n$ that are congruent to $r$ modulo $t$. Using Wright's circle method, we derive an asymptotic for $D_k^\times(r,t;n)$ as $n \to \infty$ when $k,t$ are coprime. The main term of this asymptotic does not depend on $r$, and so, in a weak asymptotic sense, the parts are equidistributed among congruence classes. However, inspection of the lower order terms indicates a bias towards different congruence classes modulo $t$. This induces an ordering on the congruence classes modulo $t$, which we call the $k$-indivisible ordering. We prove that for $k \geq \frac{6(t^2-1)}{π^2}$ the $k$-indivisible ordering matches the natural ordering. We also explore the properties of these orderings when $k < \frac{6(t^2-1)}{π^2}$.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2207_06365
institution arXiv
publishDate 2022
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle Unexpected Biases between Congruence Classes for Parts in k-indivisible Partitions
Jackson, Faye
Otgonbayar, Misheel
Combinatorics
Number Theory
Primary: 11P82. Secondary: 05A17, 11P81
For integers $k,t \geq 2$, and $1\leq r \leq t$ let $D_k^\times(r,t;n)$ be the number of parts among all $k$-indivisible partitions of $n$ (i.e., partitions where all parts are not divisible by $k$) of $n$ that are congruent to $r$ modulo $t$. Using Wright's circle method, we derive an asymptotic for $D_k^\times(r,t;n)$ as $n \to \infty$ when $k,t$ are coprime. The main term of this asymptotic does not depend on $r$, and so, in a weak asymptotic sense, the parts are equidistributed among congruence classes. However, inspection of the lower order terms indicates a bias towards different congruence classes modulo $t$. This induces an ordering on the congruence classes modulo $t$, which we call the $k$-indivisible ordering. We prove that for $k \geq \frac{6(t^2-1)}{π^2}$ the $k$-indivisible ordering matches the natural ordering. We also explore the properties of these orderings when $k < \frac{6(t^2-1)}{π^2}$.
title Unexpected Biases between Congruence Classes for Parts in k-indivisible Partitions
topic Combinatorics
Number Theory
Primary: 11P82. Secondary: 05A17, 11P81
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2207.06365