Suppressing quantum errors by scaling a surface code logical qubit
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arXiv
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| Natura: | Preprint |
| Pubblicazione: |
2022
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| author | Acharya, Rajeev Aleiner, Igor Allen, Richard Andersen, Trond I. Ansmann, Markus Arute, Frank Arya, Kunal Asfaw, Abraham Atalaya, Juan Babbush, Ryan Bacon, Dave Bardin, Joseph C. Basso, Joao Bengtsson, Andreas Boixo, Sergio Bortoli, Gina Bourassa, Alexandre Bovaird, Jenna Brill, Leon Broughton, Michael Buckley, Bob B. Buell, David A. Burger, Tim Burkett, Brian Bushnell, Nicholas Chen, Yu Chen, Zijun Chiaro, Ben Cogan, Josh Collins, Roberto Conner, Paul Courtney, William Crook, Alexander L. Curtin, Ben Debroy, Dripto M. Barba, Alexander Del Toro Demura, Sean Dunsworth, Andrew Eppens, Daniel Erickson, Catherine Faoro, Lara Farhi, Edward Fatemi, Reza Burgos, Leslie Flores Forati, Ebrahim Fowler, Austin G. Foxen, Brooks Giang, William Gidney, Craig Gilboa, Dar Giustina, Marissa Dau, Alejandro Grajales Gross, Jonathan A. Habegger, Steve Hamilton, Michael C. Harrigan, Matthew P. Harrington, Sean D. Higgott, Oscar Hilton, Jeremy Hoffmann, Markus Hong, Sabrina Huang, Trent Huff, Ashley Huggins, William J. Ioffe, Lev B. Isakov, Sergei V. Iveland, Justin Jeffrey, Evan Jiang, Zhang Jones, Cody Juhas, Pavol Kafri, Dvir Kechedzhi, Kostyantyn Kelly, Julian Khattar, Tanuj Khezri, Mostafa Kieferová, Mária Kim, Seon Kitaev, Alexei Klimov, Paul V. Klots, Andrey R. Korotkov, Alexander N. Kostritsa, Fedor Kreikebaum, John Mark Landhuis, David Laptev, Pavel Lau, Kim-Ming Laws, Lily Lee, Joonho Lee, Kenny Lester, Brian J. Lill, Alexander Liu, Wayne Locharla, Aditya Lucero, Erik Malone, Fionn D. Marshall, Jeffrey Martin, Orion McClean, Jarrod R. Mccourt, Trevor McEwen, Matt Megrant, Anthony Costa, Bernardo Meurer Mi, Xiao Miao, Kevin C. Mohseni, Masoud Montazeri, Shirin Morvan, Alexis Mount, Emily Mruczkiewicz, Wojciech Naaman, Ofer Neeley, Matthew Neill, Charles Nersisyan, Ani Neven, Hartmut Newman, Michael Ng, Jiun How Nguyen, Anthony Nguyen, Murray Niu, Murphy Yuezhen O'Brien, Thomas E. Opremcak, Alex Platt, John Petukhov, Andre Potter, Rebecca Pryadko, Leonid P. Quintana, Chris Roushan, Pedram Rubin, Nicholas C. Saei, Negar Sank, Daniel Sankaragomathi, Kannan Satzinger, Kevin J. Schurkus, Henry F. Schuster, Christopher Shearn, Michael J. Shorter, Aaron Shvarts, Vladimir Skruzny, Jindra Smelyanskiy, Vadim Smith, W. Clarke Sterling, George Strain, Doug Szalay, Marco Torres, Alfredo Vidal, Guifre Villalonga, Benjamin Heidweiller, Catherine Vollgraff White, Theodore Xing, Cheng Yao, Z. Jamie Yeh, Ping Yoo, Juhwan Young, Grayson Zalcman, Adam Zhang, Yaxing Zhu, Ningfeng |
| author_facet | Acharya, Rajeev Aleiner, Igor Allen, Richard Andersen, Trond I. Ansmann, Markus Arute, Frank Arya, Kunal Asfaw, Abraham Atalaya, Juan Babbush, Ryan Bacon, Dave Bardin, Joseph C. Basso, Joao Bengtsson, Andreas Boixo, Sergio Bortoli, Gina Bourassa, Alexandre Bovaird, Jenna Brill, Leon Broughton, Michael Buckley, Bob B. Buell, David A. Burger, Tim Burkett, Brian Bushnell, Nicholas Chen, Yu Chen, Zijun Chiaro, Ben Cogan, Josh Collins, Roberto Conner, Paul Courtney, William Crook, Alexander L. Curtin, Ben Debroy, Dripto M. Barba, Alexander Del Toro Demura, Sean Dunsworth, Andrew Eppens, Daniel Erickson, Catherine Faoro, Lara Farhi, Edward Fatemi, Reza Burgos, Leslie Flores Forati, Ebrahim Fowler, Austin G. Foxen, Brooks Giang, William Gidney, Craig Gilboa, Dar Giustina, Marissa Dau, Alejandro Grajales Gross, Jonathan A. Habegger, Steve Hamilton, Michael C. Harrigan, Matthew P. Harrington, Sean D. Higgott, Oscar Hilton, Jeremy Hoffmann, Markus Hong, Sabrina Huang, Trent Huff, Ashley Huggins, William J. Ioffe, Lev B. Isakov, Sergei V. Iveland, Justin Jeffrey, Evan Jiang, Zhang Jones, Cody Juhas, Pavol Kafri, Dvir Kechedzhi, Kostyantyn Kelly, Julian Khattar, Tanuj Khezri, Mostafa Kieferová, Mária Kim, Seon Kitaev, Alexei Klimov, Paul V. Klots, Andrey R. Korotkov, Alexander N. Kostritsa, Fedor Kreikebaum, John Mark Landhuis, David Laptev, Pavel Lau, Kim-Ming Laws, Lily Lee, Joonho Lee, Kenny Lester, Brian J. Lill, Alexander Liu, Wayne Locharla, Aditya Lucero, Erik Malone, Fionn D. Marshall, Jeffrey Martin, Orion McClean, Jarrod R. Mccourt, Trevor McEwen, Matt Megrant, Anthony Costa, Bernardo Meurer Mi, Xiao Miao, Kevin C. Mohseni, Masoud Montazeri, Shirin Morvan, Alexis Mount, Emily Mruczkiewicz, Wojciech Naaman, Ofer Neeley, Matthew Neill, Charles Nersisyan, Ani Neven, Hartmut Newman, Michael Ng, Jiun How Nguyen, Anthony Nguyen, Murray Niu, Murphy Yuezhen O'Brien, Thomas E. Opremcak, Alex Platt, John Petukhov, Andre Potter, Rebecca Pryadko, Leonid P. Quintana, Chris Roushan, Pedram Rubin, Nicholas C. Saei, Negar Sank, Daniel Sankaragomathi, Kannan Satzinger, Kevin J. Schurkus, Henry F. Schuster, Christopher Shearn, Michael J. Shorter, Aaron Shvarts, Vladimir Skruzny, Jindra Smelyanskiy, Vadim Smith, W. Clarke Sterling, George Strain, Doug Szalay, Marco Torres, Alfredo Vidal, Guifre Villalonga, Benjamin Heidweiller, Catherine Vollgraff White, Theodore Xing, Cheng Yao, Z. Jamie Yeh, Ping Yoo, Juhwan Young, Grayson Zalcman, Adam Zhang, Yaxing Zhu, Ningfeng |
| contents | Practical quantum computing will require error rates that are well below what is achievable with physical qubits. Quantum error correction offers a path to algorithmically-relevant error rates by encoding logical qubits within many physical qubits, where increasing the number of physical qubits enhances protection against physical errors. However, introducing more qubits also increases the number of error sources, so the density of errors must be sufficiently low in order for logical performance to improve with increasing code size. Here, we report the measurement of logical qubit performance scaling across multiple code sizes, and demonstrate that our system of superconducting qubits has sufficient performance to overcome the additional errors from increasing qubit number. We find our distance-5 surface code logical qubit modestly outperforms an ensemble of distance-3 logical qubits on average, both in terms of logical error probability over 25 cycles and logical error per cycle ($2.914\%\pm 0.016\%$ compared to $3.028\%\pm 0.023\%$). To investigate damaging, low-probability error sources, we run a distance-25 repetition code and observe a $1.7\times10^{-6}$ logical error per round floor set by a single high-energy event ($1.6\times10^{-7}$ when excluding this event). We are able to accurately model our experiment, and from this model we can extract error budgets that highlight the biggest challenges for future systems. These results mark the first experimental demonstration where quantum error correction begins to improve performance with increasing qubit number, illuminating the path to reaching the logical error rates required for computation. |
| format | Preprint |
| id |
arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2207_06431 |
| institution | arXiv |
| publishDate | 2022 |
| record_format | arxiv |
| spellingShingle | Suppressing quantum errors by scaling a surface code logical qubit Acharya, Rajeev Aleiner, Igor Allen, Richard Andersen, Trond I. Ansmann, Markus Arute, Frank Arya, Kunal Asfaw, Abraham Atalaya, Juan Babbush, Ryan Bacon, Dave Bardin, Joseph C. Basso, Joao Bengtsson, Andreas Boixo, Sergio Bortoli, Gina Bourassa, Alexandre Bovaird, Jenna Brill, Leon Broughton, Michael Buckley, Bob B. Buell, David A. Burger, Tim Burkett, Brian Bushnell, Nicholas Chen, Yu Chen, Zijun Chiaro, Ben Cogan, Josh Collins, Roberto Conner, Paul Courtney, William Crook, Alexander L. Curtin, Ben Debroy, Dripto M. Barba, Alexander Del Toro Demura, Sean Dunsworth, Andrew Eppens, Daniel Erickson, Catherine Faoro, Lara Farhi, Edward Fatemi, Reza Burgos, Leslie Flores Forati, Ebrahim Fowler, Austin G. Foxen, Brooks Giang, William Gidney, Craig Gilboa, Dar Giustina, Marissa Dau, Alejandro Grajales Gross, Jonathan A. Habegger, Steve Hamilton, Michael C. Harrigan, Matthew P. Harrington, Sean D. Higgott, Oscar Hilton, Jeremy Hoffmann, Markus Hong, Sabrina Huang, Trent Huff, Ashley Huggins, William J. Ioffe, Lev B. Isakov, Sergei V. Iveland, Justin Jeffrey, Evan Jiang, Zhang Jones, Cody Juhas, Pavol Kafri, Dvir Kechedzhi, Kostyantyn Kelly, Julian Khattar, Tanuj Khezri, Mostafa Kieferová, Mária Kim, Seon Kitaev, Alexei Klimov, Paul V. Klots, Andrey R. Korotkov, Alexander N. Kostritsa, Fedor Kreikebaum, John Mark Landhuis, David Laptev, Pavel Lau, Kim-Ming Laws, Lily Lee, Joonho Lee, Kenny Lester, Brian J. Lill, Alexander Liu, Wayne Locharla, Aditya Lucero, Erik Malone, Fionn D. Marshall, Jeffrey Martin, Orion McClean, Jarrod R. Mccourt, Trevor McEwen, Matt Megrant, Anthony Costa, Bernardo Meurer Mi, Xiao Miao, Kevin C. Mohseni, Masoud Montazeri, Shirin Morvan, Alexis Mount, Emily Mruczkiewicz, Wojciech Naaman, Ofer Neeley, Matthew Neill, Charles Nersisyan, Ani Neven, Hartmut Newman, Michael Ng, Jiun How Nguyen, Anthony Nguyen, Murray Niu, Murphy Yuezhen O'Brien, Thomas E. Opremcak, Alex Platt, John Petukhov, Andre Potter, Rebecca Pryadko, Leonid P. Quintana, Chris Roushan, Pedram Rubin, Nicholas C. Saei, Negar Sank, Daniel Sankaragomathi, Kannan Satzinger, Kevin J. Schurkus, Henry F. Schuster, Christopher Shearn, Michael J. Shorter, Aaron Shvarts, Vladimir Skruzny, Jindra Smelyanskiy, Vadim Smith, W. Clarke Sterling, George Strain, Doug Szalay, Marco Torres, Alfredo Vidal, Guifre Villalonga, Benjamin Heidweiller, Catherine Vollgraff White, Theodore Xing, Cheng Yao, Z. Jamie Yeh, Ping Yoo, Juhwan Young, Grayson Zalcman, Adam Zhang, Yaxing Zhu, Ningfeng Quantum Physics Practical quantum computing will require error rates that are well below what is achievable with physical qubits. Quantum error correction offers a path to algorithmically-relevant error rates by encoding logical qubits within many physical qubits, where increasing the number of physical qubits enhances protection against physical errors. However, introducing more qubits also increases the number of error sources, so the density of errors must be sufficiently low in order for logical performance to improve with increasing code size. Here, we report the measurement of logical qubit performance scaling across multiple code sizes, and demonstrate that our system of superconducting qubits has sufficient performance to overcome the additional errors from increasing qubit number. We find our distance-5 surface code logical qubit modestly outperforms an ensemble of distance-3 logical qubits on average, both in terms of logical error probability over 25 cycles and logical error per cycle ($2.914\%\pm 0.016\%$ compared to $3.028\%\pm 0.023\%$). To investigate damaging, low-probability error sources, we run a distance-25 repetition code and observe a $1.7\times10^{-6}$ logical error per round floor set by a single high-energy event ($1.6\times10^{-7}$ when excluding this event). We are able to accurately model our experiment, and from this model we can extract error budgets that highlight the biggest challenges for future systems. These results mark the first experimental demonstration where quantum error correction begins to improve performance with increasing qubit number, illuminating the path to reaching the logical error rates required for computation. |
| title | Suppressing quantum errors by scaling a surface code logical qubit |
| topic | Quantum Physics |
| url | https://arxiv.org/abs/2207.06431 |