Multiple Peaks and a Long Precursor in the Type IIn Supernova 2021qqp: An Energetic Explosion in a Complex Circumstellar Environment
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2023
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| author | Hiramatsu, Daichi Matsumoto, Tatsuya Berger, Edo Ransome, Conor Villar, V. Ashley Gomez, Sebastian Cendes, Yvette De, Kishalay Bostroem, K. Azalee Farah, Joseph Howell, D. Andrew McCully, Curtis Newsome, Megan Gonzalez, Estefania Padilla Pellegrino, Craig Suzuki, Akihiro Terreran, Giacomo |
| author_facet | Hiramatsu, Daichi Matsumoto, Tatsuya Berger, Edo Ransome, Conor Villar, V. Ashley Gomez, Sebastian Cendes, Yvette De, Kishalay Bostroem, K. Azalee Farah, Joseph Howell, D. Andrew McCully, Curtis Newsome, Megan Gonzalez, Estefania Padilla Pellegrino, Craig Suzuki, Akihiro Terreran, Giacomo |
| contents | We present optical photometry and spectroscopy of the Type IIn supernova (SN) 2021qqp. Its unusual light curve is marked by a long precursor for $\approx300$ days, a rapid increase in brightness for $\approx60$ days, and then a sharp increase of $\approx1.6$ mag in only a few days to a first peak of $M_r \approx -19.5$ mag. The light curve then declines rapidly until it re-brightens to a second distinct peak of $M_r \approx -17.3$ mag centered at $\approx335$ days after the first peak. The spectra are dominated by Balmer lines with a complex morphology, including a narrow component with a width of $\approx 1300$ km s$^{-1}$ (first peak) and $\approx 2500$ km s$^{-1}$ (second peak) that we associate with the circumstellar medium (CSM) and a P Cygni component with an absorption velocity of $\approx 8500$ km s$^{-1}$ (first peak) and $\approx 5600$ km s$^{-1}$ (second peak) that we associate with the SN-CSM interaction shell. Using the luminosity and velocity evolution, we construct a flexible analytical model, finding two significant mass-loss episodes with peak mass loss rates of $\approx 10$ and $\approx 5\,M_{\odot}$ yr$^{-1}$ about $0.8$ and $2$ yr before explosion, respectively, with a total CSM mass of $\approx 2-4\,M_{\odot}$. We show that the most recent mass-loss episode could explain the precursor for the year preceding the explosion. The SN ejecta mass is constrained to be $\approx 5-30\,M_{\odot}$ for an explosion energy of $\approx (3-10)\times10^{51}$ erg. We discuss eruptive massive stars (luminous blue variable, pulsational pair instability) and an extreme stellar merger with a compact object as possible progenitor channels. |
| format | Preprint |
| id |
arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2305_11168 |
| institution | arXiv |
| publishDate | 2023 |
| record_format | arxiv |
| spellingShingle | Multiple Peaks and a Long Precursor in the Type IIn Supernova 2021qqp: An Energetic Explosion in a Complex Circumstellar Environment Hiramatsu, Daichi Matsumoto, Tatsuya Berger, Edo Ransome, Conor Villar, V. Ashley Gomez, Sebastian Cendes, Yvette De, Kishalay Bostroem, K. Azalee Farah, Joseph Howell, D. Andrew McCully, Curtis Newsome, Megan Gonzalez, Estefania Padilla Pellegrino, Craig Suzuki, Akihiro Terreran, Giacomo High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena Solar and Stellar Astrophysics We present optical photometry and spectroscopy of the Type IIn supernova (SN) 2021qqp. Its unusual light curve is marked by a long precursor for $\approx300$ days, a rapid increase in brightness for $\approx60$ days, and then a sharp increase of $\approx1.6$ mag in only a few days to a first peak of $M_r \approx -19.5$ mag. The light curve then declines rapidly until it re-brightens to a second distinct peak of $M_r \approx -17.3$ mag centered at $\approx335$ days after the first peak. The spectra are dominated by Balmer lines with a complex morphology, including a narrow component with a width of $\approx 1300$ km s$^{-1}$ (first peak) and $\approx 2500$ km s$^{-1}$ (second peak) that we associate with the circumstellar medium (CSM) and a P Cygni component with an absorption velocity of $\approx 8500$ km s$^{-1}$ (first peak) and $\approx 5600$ km s$^{-1}$ (second peak) that we associate with the SN-CSM interaction shell. Using the luminosity and velocity evolution, we construct a flexible analytical model, finding two significant mass-loss episodes with peak mass loss rates of $\approx 10$ and $\approx 5\,M_{\odot}$ yr$^{-1}$ about $0.8$ and $2$ yr before explosion, respectively, with a total CSM mass of $\approx 2-4\,M_{\odot}$. We show that the most recent mass-loss episode could explain the precursor for the year preceding the explosion. The SN ejecta mass is constrained to be $\approx 5-30\,M_{\odot}$ for an explosion energy of $\approx (3-10)\times10^{51}$ erg. We discuss eruptive massive stars (luminous blue variable, pulsational pair instability) and an extreme stellar merger with a compact object as possible progenitor channels. |
| title | Multiple Peaks and a Long Precursor in the Type IIn Supernova 2021qqp: An Energetic Explosion in a Complex Circumstellar Environment |
| topic | High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena Solar and Stellar Astrophysics |
| url | https://arxiv.org/abs/2305.11168 |