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The second data release from the European Pulsar Timing Array: IV. Implications for massive black holes, dark matter and the early Universe

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Main Authors:	Antoniadis, J., Arumugam, P., Arumugam, S., Auclair, P., Babak, S., Bagchi, M., Nielsen, A. -S. Bak, Barausse, E., Bassa, C. G., Bathula, A., Berthereau, A., Bonetti, M., Bortolas, E., Brook, P. R., Burgay, M., Caballero, R. N., Caprini, C., Chalumeau, A., Champion, D. J., Chanlaridis, S., Chen, S., Cognard, I., Crisostomi, M., Dandapat, S., Deb, D., Desai, S., Desvignes, G., Dhanda-Batra, N., Dwivedi, C., Falxa, M., Fastidio, F., Ferdman, R. D., Franchini, A., Gair, J. R., Goncharov, B., Gopakumar, A., Graikou, E., Grießmeier, J. -M., Gualandris, A., Guillemot, L., Guo, Y. J., Gupta, Y., Hisano, S., Hu, H., Iraci, F., Izquierdo-Villalba, D., Jang, J., Jawor, J., Janssen, G. H., Jessner, A., Joshi, B. C., Kareem, F., Karuppusamy, R., Keane, E. F., Keith, M. J., Kharbanda, D., Khizriev, T., Kikunaga, T., Kolhe, N., Kramer, M., Krishnakumar, M. A., Lackeos, K., Lee, K. J., Liu, K., Liu, Y., Lyne, A. G., McKee, J. W., Maan, Y., Main, R. A., Mickaliger, M. B., Middleton, H., Neronov, A., Nitu, I. C., Nobleson, K., Paladi, A. K., Parthasarathy, A., Perera, B. B. P., Perrodin, D., Petiteau, A., Porayko, N. K., Possenti, A., Prabu, T., Postnov, K., Leclere, H. Quelquejay, Rana, P., Pol, A. Roper, Samajdar, A., Sanidas, S. A., Semikoz, D., Sesana, A., Shaifullah, G., Singha, J., Smarra, C., Speri, L., Spiewak, R., Srivastava, A., Stappers, B. W., Steer, D. A., Surnis, M., Susarla, S. C., Susobhanan, A., Takahashi, K., Tarafdar, P., Theureau, G., Tiburzi, C., Truant, R. J., van der Wateren, E., Valtolina, S., Vecchio, A., Krishnan, V. Venkatraman, Verbiest, J. P. W., Wang, J., Wang, L., Wu, Z.
Format:	Preprint
Published:	2023
Subjects:	Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics Astrophysics of Galaxies General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology
Online Access:	Acceder al recurso
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author	Antoniadis, J. Arumugam, P. Arumugam, S. Auclair, P. Babak, S. Bagchi, M. Nielsen, A. -S. Bak Barausse, E. Bassa, C. G. Bathula, A. Berthereau, A. Bonetti, M. Bortolas, E. Brook, P. R. Burgay, M. Caballero, R. N. Caprini, C. Chalumeau, A. Champion, D. J. Chanlaridis, S. Chen, S. Cognard, I. Crisostomi, M. Dandapat, S. Deb, D. Desai, S. Desvignes, G. Dhanda-Batra, N. Dwivedi, C. Falxa, M. Fastidio, F. Ferdman, R. D. Franchini, A. Gair, J. R. Goncharov, B. Gopakumar, A. Graikou, E. Grießmeier, J. -M. Gualandris, A. Guillemot, L. Guo, Y. J. Gupta, Y. Hisano, S. Hu, H. Iraci, F. Izquierdo-Villalba, D. Jang, J. Jawor, J. Janssen, G. H. Jessner, A. Joshi, B. C. Kareem, F. Karuppusamy, R. Keane, E. F. Keith, M. J. Kharbanda, D. Khizriev, T. Kikunaga, T. Kolhe, N. Kramer, M. Krishnakumar, M. A. Lackeos, K. Lee, K. J. Liu, K. Liu, Y. Lyne, A. G. McKee, J. W. Maan, Y. Main, R. A. Mickaliger, M. B. Middleton, H. Neronov, A. Nitu, I. C. Nobleson, K. Paladi, A. K. Parthasarathy, A. Perera, B. B. P. Perrodin, D. Petiteau, A. Porayko, N. K. Possenti, A. Prabu, T. Postnov, K. Leclere, H. Quelquejay Rana, P. Pol, A. Roper Samajdar, A. Sanidas, S. A. Semikoz, D. Sesana, A. Shaifullah, G. Singha, J. Smarra, C. Speri, L. Spiewak, R. Srivastava, A. Stappers, B. W. Steer, D. A. Surnis, M. Susarla, S. C. Susobhanan, A. Takahashi, K. Tarafdar, P. Theureau, G. Tiburzi, C. Truant, R. J. van der Wateren, E. Valtolina, S. Vecchio, A. Krishnan, V. Venkatraman Verbiest, J. P. W. Wang, J. Wang, L. Wu, Z.
author_facet	Antoniadis, J. Arumugam, P. Arumugam, S. Auclair, P. Babak, S. Bagchi, M. Nielsen, A. -S. Bak Barausse, E. Bassa, C. G. Bathula, A. Berthereau, A. Bonetti, M. Bortolas, E. Brook, P. R. Burgay, M. Caballero, R. N. Caprini, C. Chalumeau, A. Champion, D. J. Chanlaridis, S. Chen, S. Cognard, I. Crisostomi, M. Dandapat, S. Deb, D. Desai, S. Desvignes, G. Dhanda-Batra, N. Dwivedi, C. Falxa, M. Fastidio, F. Ferdman, R. D. Franchini, A. Gair, J. R. Goncharov, B. Gopakumar, A. Graikou, E. Grießmeier, J. -M. Gualandris, A. Guillemot, L. Guo, Y. J. Gupta, Y. Hisano, S. Hu, H. Iraci, F. Izquierdo-Villalba, D. Jang, J. Jawor, J. Janssen, G. H. Jessner, A. Joshi, B. C. Kareem, F. Karuppusamy, R. Keane, E. F. Keith, M. J. Kharbanda, D. Khizriev, T. Kikunaga, T. Kolhe, N. Kramer, M. Krishnakumar, M. A. Lackeos, K. Lee, K. J. Liu, K. Liu, Y. Lyne, A. G. McKee, J. W. Maan, Y. Main, R. A. Mickaliger, M. B. Middleton, H. Neronov, A. Nitu, I. C. Nobleson, K. Paladi, A. K. Parthasarathy, A. Perera, B. B. P. Perrodin, D. Petiteau, A. Porayko, N. K. Possenti, A. Prabu, T. Postnov, K. Leclere, H. Quelquejay Rana, P. Pol, A. Roper Samajdar, A. Sanidas, S. A. Semikoz, D. Sesana, A. Shaifullah, G. Singha, J. Smarra, C. Speri, L. Spiewak, R. Srivastava, A. Stappers, B. W. Steer, D. A. Surnis, M. Susarla, S. C. Susobhanan, A. Takahashi, K. Tarafdar, P. Theureau, G. Tiburzi, C. Truant, R. J. van der Wateren, E. Valtolina, S. Vecchio, A. Krishnan, V. Venkatraman Verbiest, J. P. W. Wang, J. Wang, L. Wu, Z.
contents	The European Pulsar Timing Array (EPTA) and Indian Pulsar Timing Array (InPTA) collaborations have measured a low-frequency common signal in the combination of their second and first data releases respectively, with the correlation properties of a gravitational wave background (GWB). Such signal may have its origin in a number of physical processes including a cosmic population of inspiralling supermassive black hole binaries (SMBHBs); inflation, phase transitions, cosmic strings and tensor mode generation by non-linear evolution of scalar perturbations in the early Universe; oscillations of the Galactic potential in the presence of ultra-light dark matter (ULDM). At the current stage of emerging evidence, it is impossible to discriminate among the different origins. Therefore, in this paper, we consider each process separately, and investigate the implications of the signal under the hypothesis that it is generated by that specific process. We find that the signal is consistent with a cosmic population of inspiralling SMBHBs, and its relatively high amplitude can be used to place constraints on binary merger timescales and the SMBH-host galaxy scaling relations. If this origin is confirmed, this is the first direct evidence that SMBHBs merge in nature, adding an important observational piece to the puzzle of structure formation and galaxy evolution. As for early Universe processes, the measurement would place tight constraints on the cosmic string tension and on the level of turbulence developed by first-order phase transitions. Other processes would require non-standard scenarios, such as a blue-tilted inflationary spectrum or an excess in the primordial spectrum of scalar perturbations at large wavenumbers. Finally, a ULDM origin of the detected signal is disfavoured, which leads to direct constraints on the abundance of ULDM in our Galaxy.
format	Preprint
id	arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2306_16227
institution	arXiv
publishDate	2023
record_format	arxiv
spellingShingle	The second data release from the European Pulsar Timing Array: IV. Implications for massive black holes, dark matter and the early Universe Antoniadis, J. Arumugam, P. Arumugam, S. Auclair, P. Babak, S. Bagchi, M. Nielsen, A. -S. Bak Barausse, E. Bassa, C. G. Bathula, A. Berthereau, A. Bonetti, M. Bortolas, E. Brook, P. R. Burgay, M. Caballero, R. N. Caprini, C. Chalumeau, A. Champion, D. J. Chanlaridis, S. Chen, S. Cognard, I. Crisostomi, M. Dandapat, S. Deb, D. Desai, S. Desvignes, G. Dhanda-Batra, N. Dwivedi, C. Falxa, M. Fastidio, F. Ferdman, R. D. Franchini, A. Gair, J. R. Goncharov, B. Gopakumar, A. Graikou, E. Grießmeier, J. -M. Gualandris, A. Guillemot, L. Guo, Y. J. Gupta, Y. Hisano, S. Hu, H. Iraci, F. Izquierdo-Villalba, D. Jang, J. Jawor, J. Janssen, G. H. Jessner, A. Joshi, B. C. Kareem, F. Karuppusamy, R. Keane, E. F. Keith, M. J. Kharbanda, D. Khizriev, T. Kikunaga, T. Kolhe, N. Kramer, M. Krishnakumar, M. A. Lackeos, K. Lee, K. J. Liu, K. Liu, Y. Lyne, A. G. McKee, J. W. Maan, Y. Main, R. A. Mickaliger, M. B. Middleton, H. Neronov, A. Nitu, I. C. Nobleson, K. Paladi, A. K. Parthasarathy, A. Perera, B. B. P. Perrodin, D. Petiteau, A. Porayko, N. K. Possenti, A. Prabu, T. Postnov, K. Leclere, H. Quelquejay Rana, P. Pol, A. Roper Samajdar, A. Sanidas, S. A. Semikoz, D. Sesana, A. Shaifullah, G. Singha, J. Smarra, C. Speri, L. Spiewak, R. Srivastava, A. Stappers, B. W. Steer, D. A. Surnis, M. Susarla, S. C. Susobhanan, A. Takahashi, K. Tarafdar, P. Theureau, G. Tiburzi, C. Truant, R. J. van der Wateren, E. Valtolina, S. Vecchio, A. Krishnan, V. Venkatraman Verbiest, J. P. W. Wang, J. Wang, L. Wu, Z. Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics Astrophysics of Galaxies General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology The European Pulsar Timing Array (EPTA) and Indian Pulsar Timing Array (InPTA) collaborations have measured a low-frequency common signal in the combination of their second and first data releases respectively, with the correlation properties of a gravitational wave background (GWB). Such signal may have its origin in a number of physical processes including a cosmic population of inspiralling supermassive black hole binaries (SMBHBs); inflation, phase transitions, cosmic strings and tensor mode generation by non-linear evolution of scalar perturbations in the early Universe; oscillations of the Galactic potential in the presence of ultra-light dark matter (ULDM). At the current stage of emerging evidence, it is impossible to discriminate among the different origins. Therefore, in this paper, we consider each process separately, and investigate the implications of the signal under the hypothesis that it is generated by that specific process. We find that the signal is consistent with a cosmic population of inspiralling SMBHBs, and its relatively high amplitude can be used to place constraints on binary merger timescales and the SMBH-host galaxy scaling relations. If this origin is confirmed, this is the first direct evidence that SMBHBs merge in nature, adding an important observational piece to the puzzle of structure formation and galaxy evolution. As for early Universe processes, the measurement would place tight constraints on the cosmic string tension and on the level of turbulence developed by first-order phase transitions. Other processes would require non-standard scenarios, such as a blue-tilted inflationary spectrum or an excess in the primordial spectrum of scalar perturbations at large wavenumbers. Finally, a ULDM origin of the detected signal is disfavoured, which leads to direct constraints on the abundance of ULDM in our Galaxy.
title	The second data release from the European Pulsar Timing Array: IV. Implications for massive black holes, dark matter and the early Universe
topic	Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics Astrophysics of Galaxies General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology
url	https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.16227