Memory capacity of two layer neural networks with smooth activations
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arXiv
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| Auteurs principaux: | , |
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| Format: | Preprint |
| Publié: |
2023
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| _version_ | 1866916334445527040 |
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| author | Madden, Liam Thrampoulidis, Christos |
| author_facet | Madden, Liam Thrampoulidis, Christos |
| contents | Determining the memory capacity of two layer neural networks with $m$ hidden neurons and input dimension $d$ (i.e., $md+2m$ total trainable parameters), which refers to the largest size of general data the network can memorize, is a fundamental machine learning question. For activations that are real analytic at a point and, if restricting to a polynomial there, have sufficiently high degree, we establish a lower bound of $\lfloor md/2\rfloor$ and optimality up to a factor of approximately $2$. All practical activations, such as sigmoids, Heaviside, and the rectified linear unit (ReLU), are real analytic at a point. Furthermore, the degree condition is mild, requiring, for example, that $\binom{k+d-1}{d-1}\ge n$ if the activation is $x^k$. Analogous prior results were limited to Heaviside and ReLU activations -- our result covers almost everything else. In order to analyze general activations, we derive the precise generic rank of the network's Jacobian, which can be written in terms of Hadamard powers and the Khatri-Rao product. Our analysis extends classical linear algebraic facts about the rank of Hadamard powers. Overall, our approach differs from prior works on memory capacity and holds promise for extending to deeper models and other architectures. |
| format | Preprint |
| id |
arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2308_02001 |
| institution | arXiv |
| publishDate | 2023 |
| record_format | arxiv |
| spellingShingle | Memory capacity of two layer neural networks with smooth activations Madden, Liam Thrampoulidis, Christos Machine Learning Optimization and Control 15A03, 26B10 Determining the memory capacity of two layer neural networks with $m$ hidden neurons and input dimension $d$ (i.e., $md+2m$ total trainable parameters), which refers to the largest size of general data the network can memorize, is a fundamental machine learning question. For activations that are real analytic at a point and, if restricting to a polynomial there, have sufficiently high degree, we establish a lower bound of $\lfloor md/2\rfloor$ and optimality up to a factor of approximately $2$. All practical activations, such as sigmoids, Heaviside, and the rectified linear unit (ReLU), are real analytic at a point. Furthermore, the degree condition is mild, requiring, for example, that $\binom{k+d-1}{d-1}\ge n$ if the activation is $x^k$. Analogous prior results were limited to Heaviside and ReLU activations -- our result covers almost everything else. In order to analyze general activations, we derive the precise generic rank of the network's Jacobian, which can be written in terms of Hadamard powers and the Khatri-Rao product. Our analysis extends classical linear algebraic facts about the rank of Hadamard powers. Overall, our approach differs from prior works on memory capacity and holds promise for extending to deeper models and other architectures. |
| title | Memory capacity of two layer neural networks with smooth activations |
| topic | Machine Learning Optimization and Control 15A03, 26B10 |
| url | https://arxiv.org/abs/2308.02001 |