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Evidence of isospin-symmetry violation in high-energy collisions of atomic nuclei

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Main Authors:	SHINE Collaboration, Adhikary, H., Adrich, P., Allison, K. K., Amin, N., Andronov, E. V., Arsene, I. -C., Bajda, M., Balkova, Y., Battaglia, D., Bazgir, A., Bhosale, S., Bielewicz, M., Blondel, A., Bogomilov, M., Bondar, Y., Brandin, A., Brylinski, W., Brzychczyk, J., Buryakov, M., Camino, A. F., Cirkovic, M., Csanád, M., Cybowska, J., Czopowicz, T., Dalmazzone, C., Davis, N., Dmitriev, A., von Doetinchem, P., Dominik, W., Dumarchez, J., Engel, R., Feofilov, G. A., Fields, L., Fodor, Z., Friend, M., Gazdzicki, M., Golosov, O., Golovatyuk, V., Golubeva, M., Grebieszkow, K., Guber, F., Igolkin, S. N., Ilieva, S., Ivashkin, A., Izvestnyy, A., Kargin, N., Karpushkin, N., Kashirin, E., Kiełbowicz, M., Kireyeu, V. A., Kolesnikov, R., Kolev, D., Koshio, Y., Kovalenko, V. N., Kowalski, S., Kozłowski, B., Krasnoperov, A., Kucewicz, W., Kuchowicz, M., Kuich, M., Kurepin, A., László, A., Lewicki, M., Lykasov, G., Lyubushkin, V. V., Mackowiak-Pawłowska, M., Majka, Z., Makhnev, A., Maksiak, B., Malakhov, A. I., Marcinek, A., Marino, A. D., Mathes, H. -J., Matulewicz, T., Matveev, V., Melkumov, G. L., Merzlaya, A., Mik, Ł., Morozov, S., Nagai, Y., Nakadaira, T., Naskret, M., Nishimori, S., Olivier, A., Ozvenchuk, V., Panova, O., Paolone, V., Petukhov, O., Pidhurskyi, I., Płaneta, R., Podlaski, P., Popov, B. A., Pórfy, B., Prokhorova, D. S., Pszczel, D., Puławski, S., Puzovic, J., Renfordt, R., Ren, L., Ortiz, V. Z. Reyna, Röhrich, D., Rondio, E., Roth, M., Rozpłochowski, Ł., Rumberger, B. T., Rumyantsev, M., Rustamov, A., Rybczynski, M., Rybicki, A., Rybka, D., Sakashita, K., Schmidt, K., Seryakov, A. Yu., Seyboth, P., Shah, U. A., Shiraishi, Y., Shukla, A., Słodkowski, M., Staszel, P., Stefanek, G., Stepaniak, J., Strikhanov, M., Ströbele, H., Šuša, T., Swiderski, Ł., Szewinski, J., Szukiewicz, R., Taranenko, A., Tefelska, A., Tefelski, D., Tereshchenko, V., Tsenov, R., Turko, L., Tveter, T. S., Unger, M., Urbaniak, M., Valiev, F. F., Veberic, D., Vechernin, V. V., Vitiuk, O., Volkov, V., Wickremasinghe, A., Witek, K., Wójcik, K., Wyszynski, O., Zaitsev, A., Zherebtsova, E., Zimmerman, E. D., Zviagina, A., Zwaska, R., Group, the Theory, :, Giacosa, F., Gorenstein, M. I., Poberezhniuk, R., Samanta, S.
Format:	Preprint
Published:	2023
Subjects:	Nuclear Experiment High Energy Physics - Experiment
Online Access:	Acceder al recurso
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author	SHINE Collaboration Adhikary, H. Adrich, P. Allison, K. K. Amin, N. Andronov, E. V. Arsene, I. -C. Bajda, M. Balkova, Y. Battaglia, D. Bazgir, A. Bhosale, S. Bielewicz, M. Blondel, A. Bogomilov, M. Bondar, Y. Brandin, A. Brylinski, W. Brzychczyk, J. Buryakov, M. Camino, A. F. Cirkovic, M. Csanád, M. Cybowska, J. Czopowicz, T. Dalmazzone, C. Davis, N. Dmitriev, A. von Doetinchem, P. Dominik, W. Dumarchez, J. Engel, R. Feofilov, G. A. Fields, L. Fodor, Z. Friend, M. Gazdzicki, M. Golosov, O. Golovatyuk, V. Golubeva, M. Grebieszkow, K. Guber, F. Igolkin, S. N. Ilieva, S. Ivashkin, A. Izvestnyy, A. Kargin, N. Karpushkin, N. Kashirin, E. Kiełbowicz, M. Kireyeu, V. A. Kolesnikov, R. Kolev, D. Koshio, Y. Kovalenko, V. N. Kowalski, S. Kozłowski, B. Krasnoperov, A. Kucewicz, W. Kuchowicz, M. Kuich, M. Kurepin, A. László, A. Lewicki, M. Lykasov, G. Lyubushkin, V. V. Mackowiak-Pawłowska, M. Majka, Z. Makhnev, A. Maksiak, B. Malakhov, A. I. Marcinek, A. Marino, A. D. Mathes, H. -J. Matulewicz, T. Matveev, V. Melkumov, G. L. Merzlaya, A. Mik, Ł. Morozov, S. Nagai, Y. Nakadaira, T. Naskret, M. Nishimori, S. Olivier, A. Ozvenchuk, V. Panova, O. Paolone, V. Petukhov, O. Pidhurskyi, I. Płaneta, R. Podlaski, P. Popov, B. A. Pórfy, B. Prokhorova, D. S. Pszczel, D. Puławski, S. Puzovic, J. Renfordt, R. Ren, L. Ortiz, V. Z. Reyna Röhrich, D. Rondio, E. Roth, M. Rozpłochowski, Ł. Rumberger, B. T. Rumyantsev, M. Rustamov, A. Rybczynski, M. Rybicki, A. Rybka, D. Sakashita, K. Schmidt, K. Seryakov, A. Yu. Seyboth, P. Shah, U. A. Shiraishi, Y. Shukla, A. Słodkowski, M. Staszel, P. Stefanek, G. Stepaniak, J. Strikhanov, M. Ströbele, H. Šuša, T. Swiderski, Ł. Szewinski, J. Szukiewicz, R. Taranenko, A. Tefelska, A. Tefelski, D. Tereshchenko, V. Tsenov, R. Turko, L. Tveter, T. S. Unger, M. Urbaniak, M. Valiev, F. F. Veberic, D. Vechernin, V. V. Vitiuk, O. Volkov, V. Wickremasinghe, A. Witek, K. Wójcik, K. Wyszynski, O. Zaitsev, A. Zherebtsova, E. Zimmerman, E. D. Zviagina, A. Zwaska, R. Group, the Theory : Giacosa, F. Gorenstein, M. I. Poberezhniuk, R. Samanta, S.
author_facet	SHINE Collaboration Adhikary, H. Adrich, P. Allison, K. K. Amin, N. Andronov, E. V. Arsene, I. -C. Bajda, M. Balkova, Y. Battaglia, D. Bazgir, A. Bhosale, S. Bielewicz, M. Blondel, A. Bogomilov, M. Bondar, Y. Brandin, A. Brylinski, W. Brzychczyk, J. Buryakov, M. Camino, A. F. Cirkovic, M. Csanád, M. Cybowska, J. Czopowicz, T. Dalmazzone, C. Davis, N. Dmitriev, A. von Doetinchem, P. Dominik, W. Dumarchez, J. Engel, R. Feofilov, G. A. Fields, L. Fodor, Z. Friend, M. Gazdzicki, M. Golosov, O. Golovatyuk, V. Golubeva, M. Grebieszkow, K. Guber, F. Igolkin, S. N. Ilieva, S. Ivashkin, A. Izvestnyy, A. Kargin, N. Karpushkin, N. Kashirin, E. Kiełbowicz, M. Kireyeu, V. A. Kolesnikov, R. Kolev, D. Koshio, Y. Kovalenko, V. N. Kowalski, S. Kozłowski, B. Krasnoperov, A. Kucewicz, W. Kuchowicz, M. Kuich, M. Kurepin, A. László, A. Lewicki, M. Lykasov, G. Lyubushkin, V. V. Mackowiak-Pawłowska, M. Majka, Z. Makhnev, A. Maksiak, B. Malakhov, A. I. Marcinek, A. Marino, A. D. Mathes, H. -J. Matulewicz, T. Matveev, V. Melkumov, G. L. Merzlaya, A. Mik, Ł. Morozov, S. Nagai, Y. Nakadaira, T. Naskret, M. Nishimori, S. Olivier, A. Ozvenchuk, V. Panova, O. Paolone, V. Petukhov, O. Pidhurskyi, I. Płaneta, R. Podlaski, P. Popov, B. A. Pórfy, B. Prokhorova, D. S. Pszczel, D. Puławski, S. Puzovic, J. Renfordt, R. Ren, L. Ortiz, V. Z. Reyna Röhrich, D. Rondio, E. Roth, M. Rozpłochowski, Ł. Rumberger, B. T. Rumyantsev, M. Rustamov, A. Rybczynski, M. Rybicki, A. Rybka, D. Sakashita, K. Schmidt, K. Seryakov, A. Yu. Seyboth, P. Shah, U. A. Shiraishi, Y. Shukla, A. Słodkowski, M. Staszel, P. Stefanek, G. Stepaniak, J. Strikhanov, M. Ströbele, H. Šuša, T. Swiderski, Ł. Szewinski, J. Szukiewicz, R. Taranenko, A. Tefelska, A. Tefelski, D. Tereshchenko, V. Tsenov, R. Turko, L. Tveter, T. S. Unger, M. Urbaniak, M. Valiev, F. F. Veberic, D. Vechernin, V. V. Vitiuk, O. Volkov, V. Wickremasinghe, A. Witek, K. Wójcik, K. Wyszynski, O. Zaitsev, A. Zherebtsova, E. Zimmerman, E. D. Zviagina, A. Zwaska, R. Group, the Theory : Giacosa, F. Gorenstein, M. I. Poberezhniuk, R. Samanta, S.
contents	Strong interactions preserve an approximate isospin symmetry between up ($u$) and down ($d$) quarks, part of the more general flavor symmetry. In the case of $K$ meson production, if this isospin symmetry were exact, it would result in equal numbers of charged ($K^+$ and $K^-$) and neutral ($K^0$ and $\overline K^{\,0}$) mesons in the final state. Here, we report results on the relative abundance of charged over neutral $K$ meson production in argon and scandium nuclei collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 11.9 GeV per nucleon pair. We find that the production of $K^+$ and $K^-$ mesons at mid-rapidity is $(18.4\pm 6.1)\%$ higher than that of the neutral $K$ mesons. Although with large uncertainties, earlier data on nucleus-nucleus collisions in the collision center-of-mass energy range $2.6 < \sqrt{s_{NN}} < 200$~\GeV are consistent with the present result. Using well-established models for hadron production, we demonstrate that known isospin-symmetry breaking effects and the initial nuclei containing more neutrons than protons lead only to a small (few percent) deviation of the charged-to-neutral kaon ratio from unity at high energies. Thus, they cannot explain the measurements. The significance of the flavor-symmetry violation beyond the known effects is 4.7$σ$ when the compilation of world data with uncertainties quoted by the experiments is used. New systematic, high-precision measurements and theoretical efforts are needed to establish the origin of the observed large isospin-symmetry breaking.
format	Preprint
id	arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2312_06572
institution	arXiv
publishDate	2023
record_format	arxiv
spellingShingle	Evidence of isospin-symmetry violation in high-energy collisions of atomic nuclei SHINE Collaboration Adhikary, H. Adrich, P. Allison, K. K. Amin, N. Andronov, E. V. Arsene, I. -C. Bajda, M. Balkova, Y. Battaglia, D. Bazgir, A. Bhosale, S. Bielewicz, M. Blondel, A. Bogomilov, M. Bondar, Y. Brandin, A. Brylinski, W. Brzychczyk, J. Buryakov, M. Camino, A. F. Cirkovic, M. Csanád, M. Cybowska, J. Czopowicz, T. Dalmazzone, C. Davis, N. Dmitriev, A. von Doetinchem, P. Dominik, W. Dumarchez, J. Engel, R. Feofilov, G. A. Fields, L. Fodor, Z. Friend, M. Gazdzicki, M. Golosov, O. Golovatyuk, V. Golubeva, M. Grebieszkow, K. Guber, F. Igolkin, S. N. Ilieva, S. Ivashkin, A. Izvestnyy, A. Kargin, N. Karpushkin, N. Kashirin, E. Kiełbowicz, M. Kireyeu, V. A. Kolesnikov, R. Kolev, D. Koshio, Y. Kovalenko, V. N. Kowalski, S. Kozłowski, B. Krasnoperov, A. Kucewicz, W. Kuchowicz, M. Kuich, M. Kurepin, A. László, A. Lewicki, M. Lykasov, G. Lyubushkin, V. V. Mackowiak-Pawłowska, M. Majka, Z. Makhnev, A. Maksiak, B. Malakhov, A. I. Marcinek, A. Marino, A. D. Mathes, H. -J. Matulewicz, T. Matveev, V. Melkumov, G. L. Merzlaya, A. Mik, Ł. Morozov, S. Nagai, Y. Nakadaira, T. Naskret, M. Nishimori, S. Olivier, A. Ozvenchuk, V. Panova, O. Paolone, V. Petukhov, O. Pidhurskyi, I. Płaneta, R. Podlaski, P. Popov, B. A. Pórfy, B. Prokhorova, D. S. Pszczel, D. Puławski, S. Puzovic, J. Renfordt, R. Ren, L. Ortiz, V. Z. Reyna Röhrich, D. Rondio, E. Roth, M. Rozpłochowski, Ł. Rumberger, B. T. Rumyantsev, M. Rustamov, A. Rybczynski, M. Rybicki, A. Rybka, D. Sakashita, K. Schmidt, K. Seryakov, A. Yu. Seyboth, P. Shah, U. A. Shiraishi, Y. Shukla, A. Słodkowski, M. Staszel, P. Stefanek, G. Stepaniak, J. Strikhanov, M. Ströbele, H. Šuša, T. Swiderski, Ł. Szewinski, J. Szukiewicz, R. Taranenko, A. Tefelska, A. Tefelski, D. Tereshchenko, V. Tsenov, R. Turko, L. Tveter, T. S. Unger, M. Urbaniak, M. Valiev, F. F. Veberic, D. Vechernin, V. V. Vitiuk, O. Volkov, V. Wickremasinghe, A. Witek, K. Wójcik, K. Wyszynski, O. Zaitsev, A. Zherebtsova, E. Zimmerman, E. D. Zviagina, A. Zwaska, R. Group, the Theory : Giacosa, F. Gorenstein, M. I. Poberezhniuk, R. Samanta, S. Nuclear Experiment High Energy Physics - Experiment Strong interactions preserve an approximate isospin symmetry between up ($u$) and down ($d$) quarks, part of the more general flavor symmetry. In the case of $K$ meson production, if this isospin symmetry were exact, it would result in equal numbers of charged ($K^+$ and $K^-$) and neutral ($K^0$ and $\overline K^{\,0}$) mesons in the final state. Here, we report results on the relative abundance of charged over neutral $K$ meson production in argon and scandium nuclei collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 11.9 GeV per nucleon pair. We find that the production of $K^+$ and $K^-$ mesons at mid-rapidity is $(18.4\pm 6.1)\%$ higher than that of the neutral $K$ mesons. Although with large uncertainties, earlier data on nucleus-nucleus collisions in the collision center-of-mass energy range $2.6 < \sqrt{s_{NN}} < 200$~\GeV are consistent with the present result. Using well-established models for hadron production, we demonstrate that known isospin-symmetry breaking effects and the initial nuclei containing more neutrons than protons lead only to a small (few percent) deviation of the charged-to-neutral kaon ratio from unity at high energies. Thus, they cannot explain the measurements. The significance of the flavor-symmetry violation beyond the known effects is 4.7$σ$ when the compilation of world data with uncertainties quoted by the experiments is used. New systematic, high-precision measurements and theoretical efforts are needed to establish the origin of the observed large isospin-symmetry breaking.
title	Evidence of isospin-symmetry violation in high-energy collisions of atomic nuclei
topic	Nuclear Experiment High Energy Physics - Experiment
url	https://arxiv.org/abs/2312.06572