Evolved Massive Stars at Low-metallicity VII. the Lower Mass Limit of Red Supergiant Population in the Large Magellanic Cloud
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| Natura: | Preprint |
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2024
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| _version_ | 1866909085279977472 |
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| author | Yang, Ming Zhang, Bo Jiang, Biwei Gao, Jian Ren, Yi Wang, Shu Lam, Man I Tian, Hao Luo, Changqing Chen, Bingqiu Wen, Jing |
| author_facet | Yang, Ming Zhang, Bo Jiang, Biwei Gao, Jian Ren, Yi Wang, Shu Lam, Man I Tian, Hao Luo, Changqing Chen, Bingqiu Wen, Jing |
| contents | The precise definition of the lower mass limit of red supergiant stars (RSGs) is an open question in astrophysics and does not attract too much attention. Here we assemble a spectroscopic evolved cool star sample with 6,602 targets, including RSGs, asymptotic giant branch stars, and red giant branch stars, in the Large Magellanic Cloud based on \textit{Gaia} DR3 and SDSS-IV/APOGEE-2. The reference spectrum of each stellar population is built according to the quantile range of relative intensity ($1\%\sim99\%$). Five different methods, e.g., chi-square ($χ^2$), cosine similarity (CS), machine learning (ML), equivalent width (EW), and line ratio (LR), are used in order to separate different stellar populations. The ML and $χ^2$ provide the best and relatively consistent prediction of certain population. The derived lower limit of the RSG population is able to reach to the $\rm K_S$-band tip of red giant branch ($\rm K_S~$$\approx12.0$ mag), indicating a luminosity as low as about $10^{3.5}~L_{\sun}$, which corresponds to a stellar radius only about $100~R_{\sun}$. Given the mass-luminosity relation of $L/L_\sun =f(M/M_\sun)^3$ with $f\approx15.5\pm3$ and taking into account of the mass loss of faint RSGs up to now, the minimal initial mass of the RSG population would be about $6.1\pm0.4~M_\sun$, which is much lower than the traditional threshold of $8~M_\sun$ for the massive stars. This is the first spectroscopic evidence, indicating that the lower mass limit of RSG population is around $6~M_\sun$. However, the destinies of such faint RSGs are still elusive and may have large impact on the stellar evolutionary and supernova models. |
| format | Preprint |
| id |
arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2401_15832 |
| institution | arXiv |
| publishDate | 2024 |
| record_format | arxiv |
| spellingShingle | Evolved Massive Stars at Low-metallicity VII. the Lower Mass Limit of Red Supergiant Population in the Large Magellanic Cloud Yang, Ming Zhang, Bo Jiang, Biwei Gao, Jian Ren, Yi Wang, Shu Lam, Man I Tian, Hao Luo, Changqing Chen, Bingqiu Wen, Jing Solar and Stellar Astrophysics Astrophysics of Galaxies The precise definition of the lower mass limit of red supergiant stars (RSGs) is an open question in astrophysics and does not attract too much attention. Here we assemble a spectroscopic evolved cool star sample with 6,602 targets, including RSGs, asymptotic giant branch stars, and red giant branch stars, in the Large Magellanic Cloud based on \textit{Gaia} DR3 and SDSS-IV/APOGEE-2. The reference spectrum of each stellar population is built according to the quantile range of relative intensity ($1\%\sim99\%$). Five different methods, e.g., chi-square ($χ^2$), cosine similarity (CS), machine learning (ML), equivalent width (EW), and line ratio (LR), are used in order to separate different stellar populations. The ML and $χ^2$ provide the best and relatively consistent prediction of certain population. The derived lower limit of the RSG population is able to reach to the $\rm K_S$-band tip of red giant branch ($\rm K_S~$$\approx12.0$ mag), indicating a luminosity as low as about $10^{3.5}~L_{\sun}$, which corresponds to a stellar radius only about $100~R_{\sun}$. Given the mass-luminosity relation of $L/L_\sun =f(M/M_\sun)^3$ with $f\approx15.5\pm3$ and taking into account of the mass loss of faint RSGs up to now, the minimal initial mass of the RSG population would be about $6.1\pm0.4~M_\sun$, which is much lower than the traditional threshold of $8~M_\sun$ for the massive stars. This is the first spectroscopic evidence, indicating that the lower mass limit of RSG population is around $6~M_\sun$. However, the destinies of such faint RSGs are still elusive and may have large impact on the stellar evolutionary and supernova models. |
| title | Evolved Massive Stars at Low-metallicity VII. the Lower Mass Limit of Red Supergiant Population in the Large Magellanic Cloud |
| topic | Solar and Stellar Astrophysics Astrophysics of Galaxies |
| url | https://arxiv.org/abs/2401.15832 |