Semi-Transparent Image Sensors for Eye-Tracking Applications
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arXiv
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| Main Authors: | , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Preprint |
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2024
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| _version_ | 1866914713010438144 |
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| author | Mercier, Gabriel Polat, Emre O. Shi, Shengtai Gupta, Shuchi Konstantatos, Gerasimos Goossens, Stijn Koppens, Frank H. L. |
| author_facet | Mercier, Gabriel Polat, Emre O. Shi, Shengtai Gupta, Shuchi Konstantatos, Gerasimos Goossens, Stijn Koppens, Frank H. L. |
| contents | Image sensors hold a pivotal role in society due to their ability to capture vast amounts of information. Traditionally, image sensors are opaque due to light absorption in both the pixels and the read-out electronics that are stacked on top of each other. Making image sensors visibly transparent would have a far-reaching impact in numerous areas such as human-computer interfaces, smart displays, and both augmented and virtual reality. In this paper, we present the development and analysis of the first semi-transparent image sensor and its applicability as an eye-tracking device. The device consists of an 8x8 array of semi-transparent photodetectors and electrodes disposed on a fully transparent substrate. Each pixel of the array has a size of 60 x 140 μm and an optical transparency of 85-95%. Pixels have a high sensitivity, with more than 90% of them showing a noise equivalent irradiance < 10-4 W/m2 for wavelengths of 637 nm. As the semi-transparent photodetectors have a large amount of built-in gain, the opaque read-out electronics can be placed far away from the detector array to ensure maximum transparency and fill factor. Indeed, the operation and appearance of transparent image sensors present a fundamental shift in how we think about cameras and imaging, as these devices can be concealed in plain sight. |
| format | Preprint |
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arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2403_08297 |
| institution | arXiv |
| publishDate | 2024 |
| record_format | arxiv |
| spellingShingle | Semi-Transparent Image Sensors for Eye-Tracking Applications Mercier, Gabriel Polat, Emre O. Shi, Shengtai Gupta, Shuchi Konstantatos, Gerasimos Goossens, Stijn Koppens, Frank H. L. Optics Human-Computer Interaction Image sensors hold a pivotal role in society due to their ability to capture vast amounts of information. Traditionally, image sensors are opaque due to light absorption in both the pixels and the read-out electronics that are stacked on top of each other. Making image sensors visibly transparent would have a far-reaching impact in numerous areas such as human-computer interfaces, smart displays, and both augmented and virtual reality. In this paper, we present the development and analysis of the first semi-transparent image sensor and its applicability as an eye-tracking device. The device consists of an 8x8 array of semi-transparent photodetectors and electrodes disposed on a fully transparent substrate. Each pixel of the array has a size of 60 x 140 μm and an optical transparency of 85-95%. Pixels have a high sensitivity, with more than 90% of them showing a noise equivalent irradiance < 10-4 W/m2 for wavelengths of 637 nm. As the semi-transparent photodetectors have a large amount of built-in gain, the opaque read-out electronics can be placed far away from the detector array to ensure maximum transparency and fill factor. Indeed, the operation and appearance of transparent image sensors present a fundamental shift in how we think about cameras and imaging, as these devices can be concealed in plain sight. |
| title | Semi-Transparent Image Sensors for Eye-Tracking Applications |
| topic | Optics Human-Computer Interaction |
| url | https://arxiv.org/abs/2403.08297 |