Quiescent or dusty? Unveiling the nature of extremely red galaxies at $z>3$

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Main Authors: Barrufet, L., Oesch, P., Marques-Chaves, R., Arellano-Cordova, K., Baggen, J. F. W., Carnall, A. C., Cullen, F., Dunlop, J. S., Gottumukkala, R., Fudamoto, Y., Illingworth, G. D., Magee, D., McLure, R. J., McLeod, D. J., Michałowski, M. J., Stefanon, M., van Dokkum, P. G., Weibel, A.
Format: Preprint
Published: 2024
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author Barrufet, L.
Oesch, P.
Marques-Chaves, R.
Arellano-Cordova, K.
Baggen, J. F. W.
Carnall, A. C.
Cullen, F.
Dunlop, J. S.
Gottumukkala, R.
Fudamoto, Y.
Illingworth, G. D.
Magee, D.
McLure, R. J.
McLeod, D. J.
Michałowski, M. J.
Stefanon, M.
van Dokkum, P. G.
Weibel, A.
author_facet Barrufet, L.
Oesch, P.
Marques-Chaves, R.
Arellano-Cordova, K.
Baggen, J. F. W.
Carnall, A. C.
Cullen, F.
Dunlop, J. S.
Gottumukkala, R.
Fudamoto, Y.
Illingworth, G. D.
Magee, D.
McLure, R. J.
McLeod, D. J.
Michałowski, M. J.
Stefanon, M.
van Dokkum, P. G.
Weibel, A.
contents The advent of the JWST has revolutionised our understanding of high-redshift galaxies. In particular, the NIRCam instrument on-board JWST has revealed a population of Hubble Space Telescope (HST)-dark galaxies that had previously evaded optical detection, potentially due to significant dust obscuration, quiescence, or simply extreme redshift. Here, we present the first NIRSpec spectra of 23 HST-dark galaxies ($\mathrm{H-F444W>1.75}$), unveiling their nature and physical properties. This sample includes both dusty and quiescent galaxies with spectroscopic data from NIRSpec/PRISM, providing accurate spectroscopic redshifts with $\mathrm{\overline{z}_{spec} = 4.1 \pm 0.7}$. The spectral features demonstrate that, while the majority of HST-dark galaxies are dusty, a substantial fraction, $\mathrm{13^{+9}_{-6} \%}$, are quiescent. For the dusty galaxies, we have quantified the dust attenuation using the Balmer decrement ($\mathrm{Hα/ Hβ}$), finding attenuations $\mathrm{A_{V} > 2\ mag}$. We find that HST-dark dusty galaxies are $\mathrm{Hα}$ emitters with equivalent widths spanning the range $\mathrm{ 68 A < EW_{Hα} < 550 A }$, indicative of a wide range of recent star-formation activity. Whether dusty or quiescent, we find that HST-dark galaxies are predominantly massive, with 85\% of the galaxies in the sample having masses $\mathrm{log(M_{*}/M_{\odot}) > 9.8}$. This pilot NIRSpec program reveals the diverse nature of HST-dark galaxies and highlights the effectiveness of NIRSpec/PRISM spectroscopic follow-up in distinguishing between dusty and quiescent galaxies and properly quantifying their physical properties. Upcoming research utilising higher-resolution NIRSpec data and combining JWST with ALMA observations will enhance our understanding of these enigmatic and challenging sources.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2404_08052
institution arXiv
publishDate 2024
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle Quiescent or dusty? Unveiling the nature of extremely red galaxies at $z>3$
Barrufet, L.
Oesch, P.
Marques-Chaves, R.
Arellano-Cordova, K.
Baggen, J. F. W.
Carnall, A. C.
Cullen, F.
Dunlop, J. S.
Gottumukkala, R.
Fudamoto, Y.
Illingworth, G. D.
Magee, D.
McLure, R. J.
McLeod, D. J.
Michałowski, M. J.
Stefanon, M.
van Dokkum, P. G.
Weibel, A.
Astrophysics of Galaxies
The advent of the JWST has revolutionised our understanding of high-redshift galaxies. In particular, the NIRCam instrument on-board JWST has revealed a population of Hubble Space Telescope (HST)-dark galaxies that had previously evaded optical detection, potentially due to significant dust obscuration, quiescence, or simply extreme redshift. Here, we present the first NIRSpec spectra of 23 HST-dark galaxies ($\mathrm{H-F444W>1.75}$), unveiling their nature and physical properties. This sample includes both dusty and quiescent galaxies with spectroscopic data from NIRSpec/PRISM, providing accurate spectroscopic redshifts with $\mathrm{\overline{z}_{spec} = 4.1 \pm 0.7}$. The spectral features demonstrate that, while the majority of HST-dark galaxies are dusty, a substantial fraction, $\mathrm{13^{+9}_{-6} \%}$, are quiescent. For the dusty galaxies, we have quantified the dust attenuation using the Balmer decrement ($\mathrm{Hα/ Hβ}$), finding attenuations $\mathrm{A_{V} > 2\ mag}$. We find that HST-dark dusty galaxies are $\mathrm{Hα}$ emitters with equivalent widths spanning the range $\mathrm{ 68 A < EW_{Hα} < 550 A }$, indicative of a wide range of recent star-formation activity. Whether dusty or quiescent, we find that HST-dark galaxies are predominantly massive, with 85\% of the galaxies in the sample having masses $\mathrm{log(M_{*}/M_{\odot}) > 9.8}$. This pilot NIRSpec program reveals the diverse nature of HST-dark galaxies and highlights the effectiveness of NIRSpec/PRISM spectroscopic follow-up in distinguishing between dusty and quiescent galaxies and properly quantifying their physical properties. Upcoming research utilising higher-resolution NIRSpec data and combining JWST with ALMA observations will enhance our understanding of these enigmatic and challenging sources.
title Quiescent or dusty? Unveiling the nature of extremely red galaxies at $z>3$
topic Astrophysics of Galaxies
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2404.08052