Modeling the refractive index profile n(z) of polar ice for ultra-high energy neutrino experiments

Fuente: arXiv

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Dettagli Bibliografici
Autori principali:	Ali, S., Allison, P., Archambault, S., Beatty, J. J., Besson, D. Z., Bishop, A., Chen, P., Chen, Y. C., Clark, B. A., Clay, W., Connolly, A., Couberly, K., Cremonesi, L., Cummings, A., Dasgupta, P., Debolt, R., de Kockere, S., de Vries, K. D., Deaconu, C., DuVernois, M. A., Flaherty, J., Friedman, E., Gaior, R., Giri, P., Hanson, J., Harty, N., Hoffman, K. D., Huang, J. J., Huang, M. -H., Hughes, K., Ishihara, A., Karle, A., Kelley, J. L., Kim, K. -C., Kim, M. -C., Kravchenko, I., Krebs, R., Kuo, C. Y., Kurusu, K., Latif, U. A., Liu, C. H, Liu, T. C., Luszczak, W., Mase, K., Muzio, M. S., Nam, J., Nichol, R. J., Novikov, A., Nozdrina, A., Oberla, E., Pan, Y., Pfendner, C., Punsuebsay, N., Roth, J., Salcedo-Gomez, A., Seckel, D., Seikh, M. F. H., Shaio, Y. -S., Smith, D., Toscano, S., Torres, J., Touart, J., van Eijndhoven, N., Vieregg, A., Wang, M. -Z., Wang, S. -H., Wissel, S. A., Xie, C., Yoshida, S., Young, R.
Natura:	Preprint
Pubblicazione:	2024
Soggetti:	Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics
Accesso online:	Acceder al recurso
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_version_	1866910090457513984
author	Ali, S. Allison, P. Archambault, S. Beatty, J. J. Besson, D. Z. Bishop, A. Chen, P. Chen, Y. C. Clark, B. A. Clay, W. Connolly, A. Couberly, K. Cremonesi, L. Cummings, A. Dasgupta, P. Debolt, R. de Kockere, S. de Vries, K. D. Deaconu, C. DuVernois, M. A. Flaherty, J. Friedman, E. Gaior, R. Giri, P. Hanson, J. Harty, N. Hoffman, K. D. Huang, J. J. Huang, M. -H. Hughes, K. Ishihara, A. Karle, A. Kelley, J. L. Kim, K. -C. Kim, M. -C. Kravchenko, I. Krebs, R. Kuo, C. Y. Kurusu, K. Latif, U. A. Liu, C. H Liu, T. C. Luszczak, W. Mase, K. Muzio, M. S. Nam, J. Nichol, R. J. Novikov, A. Nozdrina, A. Oberla, E. Pan, Y. Pfendner, C. Punsuebsay, N. Roth, J. Salcedo-Gomez, A. Seckel, D. Seikh, M. F. H. Shaio, Y. -S. Smith, D. Toscano, S. Torres, J. Touart, J. van Eijndhoven, N. Vieregg, A. Wang, M. -Z. Wang, S. -H. Wissel, S. A. Xie, C. Yoshida, S. Young, R.
author_facet	Ali, S. Allison, P. Archambault, S. Beatty, J. J. Besson, D. Z. Bishop, A. Chen, P. Chen, Y. C. Clark, B. A. Clay, W. Connolly, A. Couberly, K. Cremonesi, L. Cummings, A. Dasgupta, P. Debolt, R. de Kockere, S. de Vries, K. D. Deaconu, C. DuVernois, M. A. Flaherty, J. Friedman, E. Gaior, R. Giri, P. Hanson, J. Harty, N. Hoffman, K. D. Huang, J. J. Huang, M. -H. Hughes, K. Ishihara, A. Karle, A. Kelley, J. L. Kim, K. -C. Kim, M. -C. Kravchenko, I. Krebs, R. Kuo, C. Y. Kurusu, K. Latif, U. A. Liu, C. H Liu, T. C. Luszczak, W. Mase, K. Muzio, M. S. Nam, J. Nichol, R. J. Novikov, A. Nozdrina, A. Oberla, E. Pan, Y. Pfendner, C. Punsuebsay, N. Roth, J. Salcedo-Gomez, A. Seckel, D. Seikh, M. F. H. Shaio, Y. -S. Smith, D. Toscano, S. Torres, J. Touart, J. van Eijndhoven, N. Vieregg, A. Wang, M. -Z. Wang, S. -H. Wissel, S. A. Xie, C. Yoshida, S. Young, R.
contents	We have developed an in-situ index of refraction profile n(z) for cold polar ice, using the transit times of radio signals broadcast from an englacial transmitter to 2-5 km distant radio-frequency receivers, deployed at depths up to 200 m. For propagation through a non-uniform medium, Maxwell's equations generally admit two ray propagation solutions from a given transmitter, corresponding to a direct path (D) and a refracted or reflected path (R); the measured D vs. R timing differences (dt(D,R)) are determined by the refractive index profile. We constrain n(z) near South Pole, where the Askaryan Radio Array (ARA) neutrino observatory is located, by simulating D and R ray paths via ray tracing and comparing simulations to measured dt(D,R) values. Using previous ice density data as a proxy for n(z), we demonstrate that our data strongly favors a glaciologically-motivated three-phase densification model rather than a single exponential scale height model. Effective volume simulations for a detector of ARA station antenna depths yield a 14\% increase in neutrino sensitivity over a range of $10^{17} - 10^{21}$ eV using the three-phase model compared to a single exponential.
format	Preprint
id	arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2406_00857
institution	arXiv
publishDate	2024
record_format	arxiv
spellingShingle	Modeling the refractive index profile n(z) of polar ice for ultra-high energy neutrino experiments Ali, S. Allison, P. Archambault, S. Beatty, J. J. Besson, D. Z. Bishop, A. Chen, P. Chen, Y. C. Clark, B. A. Clay, W. Connolly, A. Couberly, K. Cremonesi, L. Cummings, A. Dasgupta, P. Debolt, R. de Kockere, S. de Vries, K. D. Deaconu, C. DuVernois, M. A. Flaherty, J. Friedman, E. Gaior, R. Giri, P. Hanson, J. Harty, N. Hoffman, K. D. Huang, J. J. Huang, M. -H. Hughes, K. Ishihara, A. Karle, A. Kelley, J. L. Kim, K. -C. Kim, M. -C. Kravchenko, I. Krebs, R. Kuo, C. Y. Kurusu, K. Latif, U. A. Liu, C. H Liu, T. C. Luszczak, W. Mase, K. Muzio, M. S. Nam, J. Nichol, R. J. Novikov, A. Nozdrina, A. Oberla, E. Pan, Y. Pfendner, C. Punsuebsay, N. Roth, J. Salcedo-Gomez, A. Seckel, D. Seikh, M. F. H. Shaio, Y. -S. Smith, D. Toscano, S. Torres, J. Touart, J. van Eijndhoven, N. Vieregg, A. Wang, M. -Z. Wang, S. -H. Wissel, S. A. Xie, C. Yoshida, S. Young, R. Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics We have developed an in-situ index of refraction profile n(z) for cold polar ice, using the transit times of radio signals broadcast from an englacial transmitter to 2-5 km distant radio-frequency receivers, deployed at depths up to 200 m. For propagation through a non-uniform medium, Maxwell's equations generally admit two ray propagation solutions from a given transmitter, corresponding to a direct path (D) and a refracted or reflected path (R); the measured D vs. R timing differences (dt(D,R)) are determined by the refractive index profile. We constrain n(z) near South Pole, where the Askaryan Radio Array (ARA) neutrino observatory is located, by simulating D and R ray paths via ray tracing and comparing simulations to measured dt(D,R) values. Using previous ice density data as a proxy for n(z), we demonstrate that our data strongly favors a glaciologically-motivated three-phase densification model rather than a single exponential scale height model. Effective volume simulations for a detector of ARA station antenna depths yield a 14\% increase in neutrino sensitivity over a range of $10^{17} - 10^{21}$ eV using the three-phase model compared to a single exponential.
title	Modeling the refractive index profile n(z) of polar ice for ultra-high energy neutrino experiments
topic	Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics
url	https://arxiv.org/abs/2406.00857