An IXPE-Led X-ray Spectro-Polarimetric Campaign on the Soft State of Cygnus X-1: X-ray Polarimetric Evidence for Strong Gravitational Lensing
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| Format: | Preprint |
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2024
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| author | Steiner, James F. Nathan, Edward Hu, Kun Krawczynski, Henric Dovciak, Michal Veledina, Alexandra Muleri, Fabio Svoboda, Jiri Alabarta, Kevin Parra, Maxime Bhargava, Yash Matt, Giorgio Poutanen, Juri Petrucci, Pierre-Olivier Tennant, Allyn F. Baglio, M. Cristina Baldini, Luca Barnier, Samuel Bhattacharyya, Sudip Bianchi, Stefano Brigitte, Maimouna Cabezas, Mauricio Cangemi, Floriane Capitanio, Fiamma Casey, Jacob Cavero, Nicole Rodriguez Castellano, Simone Cavazzuti, Elisabetta Chun, Sohee Churazov, Eugene Costa, Enrico Di Lalla, Niccolo Di Marco, Alessandro Egron, Elise Ewing, Melissa Fabiani, Sergio Garcia, Javier A. Green, David A. Grinberg, Victoria Hadrava, Petr Ingram, Adam Kaaret, Philip Kislat, Fabian Kitaguchi, Takao Kravtsov, Vadim Kubatova, Brankica La Monaca, Fabio Latronico, Luca Loktev, Vladislav Malacaria, Christian Marin, Frederic Marinucci, Andrea Maryeva, Olga Mastroserio, Guglielmo Mizuno, Tsunefumi Negro, Michela Omodei, Nicola Podgorny, Jakub Rankin, John Ratheesh, Ajay Rhodes, Lauren Russell, David M. Slechta, Miroslav Soffitta, Paolo Spooner, Sean Suleimanov, Valery Tombesi, Francesco Trushkin, Sergei A. Weisskopf, Martin C. Zane, Silvia Zdziarski, Andrzej A. Zhang, Sixuan Zhang, Wenda Zhou, Menglei Agudo, Ivan Antonelli, Lucio A. Bachetti, Matteo Baumgartner, Wayne H. Bellazzini, Ronaldo Bongiorno, Stephen D. Bonino, Raffaella Brez, Alessandro Bucciantini, Niccolo Chen, Chien-Ting Ciprini, Stefano De Rosa, Alessandra Del Monte, Ettore Di Gesu, Laura Donnarumma, Immacolata Doroshenko, Victor Ehlert, Steven R. Enoto, Teruaki Evangelista, Yuri Ferrazzoli, Riccardo Gunji, Shuichi Hayashida, Kiyoshi Heyl, Jeremy Iwakiri, Wataru Jorstad, Svetlana G. Karas, Vladimir Kolodziejczak, Jeffery J. Liodakis, Ioannis Maldera, Simone Manfreda, Alberto Marscher, Alan P. Marshall, Herman L. Massaro, Francesco Mitsuishi, Ikuyuki Ng, Chi-Yung O'Dell, Stephen L. Oppedisano, Chiara Papitto, Alessandro Pavlov, George G. Peirson, Abel L. Perri, Matteo Pesce-Rollins, Melissa Pilia, Maura Possenti, Andrea Puccetti, Simonetta Ramsey, Brian D. Roberts, Oliver J. Romani, Roger W. Sgro, Carmelo Slane, Patrick Spandre, Gloria Swartz, Douglas A. Tamagawa, Toru Tavecchio, Fabrizio Taverna, Roberto Tawara, Yuzuru Thomas, Nicholas E. Trois, Alessio Tsygankov, Sergey S. Turolla, Roberto Vink, Jacco Wu, Kinwah Xie, Fei |
| author_facet | Steiner, James F. Nathan, Edward Hu, Kun Krawczynski, Henric Dovciak, Michal Veledina, Alexandra Muleri, Fabio Svoboda, Jiri Alabarta, Kevin Parra, Maxime Bhargava, Yash Matt, Giorgio Poutanen, Juri Petrucci, Pierre-Olivier Tennant, Allyn F. Baglio, M. Cristina Baldini, Luca Barnier, Samuel Bhattacharyya, Sudip Bianchi, Stefano Brigitte, Maimouna Cabezas, Mauricio Cangemi, Floriane Capitanio, Fiamma Casey, Jacob Cavero, Nicole Rodriguez Castellano, Simone Cavazzuti, Elisabetta Chun, Sohee Churazov, Eugene Costa, Enrico Di Lalla, Niccolo Di Marco, Alessandro Egron, Elise Ewing, Melissa Fabiani, Sergio Garcia, Javier A. Green, David A. Grinberg, Victoria Hadrava, Petr Ingram, Adam Kaaret, Philip Kislat, Fabian Kitaguchi, Takao Kravtsov, Vadim Kubatova, Brankica La Monaca, Fabio Latronico, Luca Loktev, Vladislav Malacaria, Christian Marin, Frederic Marinucci, Andrea Maryeva, Olga Mastroserio, Guglielmo Mizuno, Tsunefumi Negro, Michela Omodei, Nicola Podgorny, Jakub Rankin, John Ratheesh, Ajay Rhodes, Lauren Russell, David M. Slechta, Miroslav Soffitta, Paolo Spooner, Sean Suleimanov, Valery Tombesi, Francesco Trushkin, Sergei A. Weisskopf, Martin C. Zane, Silvia Zdziarski, Andrzej A. Zhang, Sixuan Zhang, Wenda Zhou, Menglei Agudo, Ivan Antonelli, Lucio A. Bachetti, Matteo Baumgartner, Wayne H. Bellazzini, Ronaldo Bongiorno, Stephen D. Bonino, Raffaella Brez, Alessandro Bucciantini, Niccolo Chen, Chien-Ting Ciprini, Stefano De Rosa, Alessandra Del Monte, Ettore Di Gesu, Laura Donnarumma, Immacolata Doroshenko, Victor Ehlert, Steven R. Enoto, Teruaki Evangelista, Yuri Ferrazzoli, Riccardo Gunji, Shuichi Hayashida, Kiyoshi Heyl, Jeremy Iwakiri, Wataru Jorstad, Svetlana G. Karas, Vladimir Kolodziejczak, Jeffery J. Liodakis, Ioannis Maldera, Simone Manfreda, Alberto Marscher, Alan P. Marshall, Herman L. Massaro, Francesco Mitsuishi, Ikuyuki Ng, Chi-Yung O'Dell, Stephen L. Oppedisano, Chiara Papitto, Alessandro Pavlov, George G. Peirson, Abel L. Perri, Matteo Pesce-Rollins, Melissa Pilia, Maura Possenti, Andrea Puccetti, Simonetta Ramsey, Brian D. Roberts, Oliver J. Romani, Roger W. Sgro, Carmelo Slane, Patrick Spandre, Gloria Swartz, Douglas A. Tamagawa, Toru Tavecchio, Fabrizio Taverna, Roberto Tawara, Yuzuru Thomas, Nicholas E. Trois, Alessio Tsygankov, Sergey S. Turolla, Roberto Vink, Jacco Wu, Kinwah Xie, Fei |
| contents | We present the first X-ray spectropolarimetric results for Cygnus X-1 in its soft state from a campaign of five IXPE observations conducted during 2023 May-June. Companion multiwavelength data during the campaign are likewise shown. The 2-8 keV X-rays exhibit a net polarization degree PD=1.99%+/-0.13% (68% confidence). The polarization signal is found to increase with energy across IXPE's 2-8 keV bandpass. The polarized X-rays exhibit an energy-independent polarization angle of PA=-25.7+/-1.8 deg. East of North (68% confidence). This is consistent with being aligned to Cyg X-1's AU-scale compact radio jet and its pc-scale radio lobes. In comparison to earlier hard-state observations, the soft state exhibits a factor of 2 lower polarization degree, but a similar trend with energy and a similar (also energy-independent) position angle. When scaling by the natural unit of the disk temperature, we find the appearance of a consistent trendline in the polarization degree between soft and hard states. Our favored polarimetric model indicates Cyg X-1's spin is likely high (a* above ~0.96). The substantial X-ray polarization in Cyg X-1's soft state is most readily explained as resulting from a large portion of X-rays emitted from the disk returning and reflecting off the disk surface, generating a high polarization degree and a polarization direction parallel to the black hole spin axis and radio jet. In IXPE's bandpass, the polarization signal is dominated by the returning reflection emission. This constitutes polarimetric evidence for strong gravitational lensing of X-rays close to the black hole. |
| format | Preprint |
| id |
arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2406_12014 |
| institution | arXiv |
| publishDate | 2024 |
| record_format | arxiv |
| spellingShingle | An IXPE-Led X-ray Spectro-Polarimetric Campaign on the Soft State of Cygnus X-1: X-ray Polarimetric Evidence for Strong Gravitational Lensing Steiner, James F. Nathan, Edward Hu, Kun Krawczynski, Henric Dovciak, Michal Veledina, Alexandra Muleri, Fabio Svoboda, Jiri Alabarta, Kevin Parra, Maxime Bhargava, Yash Matt, Giorgio Poutanen, Juri Petrucci, Pierre-Olivier Tennant, Allyn F. Baglio, M. Cristina Baldini, Luca Barnier, Samuel Bhattacharyya, Sudip Bianchi, Stefano Brigitte, Maimouna Cabezas, Mauricio Cangemi, Floriane Capitanio, Fiamma Casey, Jacob Cavero, Nicole Rodriguez Castellano, Simone Cavazzuti, Elisabetta Chun, Sohee Churazov, Eugene Costa, Enrico Di Lalla, Niccolo Di Marco, Alessandro Egron, Elise Ewing, Melissa Fabiani, Sergio Garcia, Javier A. Green, David A. Grinberg, Victoria Hadrava, Petr Ingram, Adam Kaaret, Philip Kislat, Fabian Kitaguchi, Takao Kravtsov, Vadim Kubatova, Brankica La Monaca, Fabio Latronico, Luca Loktev, Vladislav Malacaria, Christian Marin, Frederic Marinucci, Andrea Maryeva, Olga Mastroserio, Guglielmo Mizuno, Tsunefumi Negro, Michela Omodei, Nicola Podgorny, Jakub Rankin, John Ratheesh, Ajay Rhodes, Lauren Russell, David M. Slechta, Miroslav Soffitta, Paolo Spooner, Sean Suleimanov, Valery Tombesi, Francesco Trushkin, Sergei A. Weisskopf, Martin C. Zane, Silvia Zdziarski, Andrzej A. Zhang, Sixuan Zhang, Wenda Zhou, Menglei Agudo, Ivan Antonelli, Lucio A. Bachetti, Matteo Baumgartner, Wayne H. Bellazzini, Ronaldo Bongiorno, Stephen D. Bonino, Raffaella Brez, Alessandro Bucciantini, Niccolo Chen, Chien-Ting Ciprini, Stefano De Rosa, Alessandra Del Monte, Ettore Di Gesu, Laura Donnarumma, Immacolata Doroshenko, Victor Ehlert, Steven R. Enoto, Teruaki Evangelista, Yuri Ferrazzoli, Riccardo Gunji, Shuichi Hayashida, Kiyoshi Heyl, Jeremy Iwakiri, Wataru Jorstad, Svetlana G. Karas, Vladimir Kolodziejczak, Jeffery J. Liodakis, Ioannis Maldera, Simone Manfreda, Alberto Marscher, Alan P. Marshall, Herman L. Massaro, Francesco Mitsuishi, Ikuyuki Ng, Chi-Yung O'Dell, Stephen L. Oppedisano, Chiara Papitto, Alessandro Pavlov, George G. Peirson, Abel L. Perri, Matteo Pesce-Rollins, Melissa Pilia, Maura Possenti, Andrea Puccetti, Simonetta Ramsey, Brian D. Roberts, Oliver J. Romani, Roger W. Sgro, Carmelo Slane, Patrick Spandre, Gloria Swartz, Douglas A. Tamagawa, Toru Tavecchio, Fabrizio Taverna, Roberto Tawara, Yuzuru Thomas, Nicholas E. Trois, Alessio Tsygankov, Sergey S. Turolla, Roberto Vink, Jacco Wu, Kinwah Xie, Fei High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena We present the first X-ray spectropolarimetric results for Cygnus X-1 in its soft state from a campaign of five IXPE observations conducted during 2023 May-June. Companion multiwavelength data during the campaign are likewise shown. The 2-8 keV X-rays exhibit a net polarization degree PD=1.99%+/-0.13% (68% confidence). The polarization signal is found to increase with energy across IXPE's 2-8 keV bandpass. The polarized X-rays exhibit an energy-independent polarization angle of PA=-25.7+/-1.8 deg. East of North (68% confidence). This is consistent with being aligned to Cyg X-1's AU-scale compact radio jet and its pc-scale radio lobes. In comparison to earlier hard-state observations, the soft state exhibits a factor of 2 lower polarization degree, but a similar trend with energy and a similar (also energy-independent) position angle. When scaling by the natural unit of the disk temperature, we find the appearance of a consistent trendline in the polarization degree between soft and hard states. Our favored polarimetric model indicates Cyg X-1's spin is likely high (a* above ~0.96). The substantial X-ray polarization in Cyg X-1's soft state is most readily explained as resulting from a large portion of X-rays emitted from the disk returning and reflecting off the disk surface, generating a high polarization degree and a polarization direction parallel to the black hole spin axis and radio jet. In IXPE's bandpass, the polarization signal is dominated by the returning reflection emission. This constitutes polarimetric evidence for strong gravitational lensing of X-rays close to the black hole. |
| title | An IXPE-Led X-ray Spectro-Polarimetric Campaign on the Soft State of Cygnus X-1: X-ray Polarimetric Evidence for Strong Gravitational Lensing |
| topic | High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena |
| url | https://arxiv.org/abs/2406.12014 |