Correlated mid-infrared and X-ray outbursts in black hole X-ray binaries: A new route to discovery in infrared surveys
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| Format: | Preprint |
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2024
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| _version_ | 1866909231586738176 |
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| author | John, Chris De, Kishalay Lucchini, Matteo Behar, Ehud Kara, Erin MacLeod, Morgan Panagiotou, Christos Wang, Jingyi |
| author_facet | John, Chris De, Kishalay Lucchini, Matteo Behar, Ehud Kara, Erin MacLeod, Morgan Panagiotou, Christos Wang, Jingyi |
| contents | The mid-infrared (MIR; $λ\simeq3 - 10μ$m) bands offer a unique window into understanding accretion and its interplay with jet formation in Galactic black hole X-ray binaries (BHXRBs). Although extremely difficult to observe from the ground, the NEOWISE time domain survey offers an excellent data set to study MIR variability when combined with contemporaneous X-ray data from the MAXI all-sky survey over a $\approx15$ yr baseline. Using a new forced photometry pipeline for NEOWISE data, we present the first systematic study of BHXRB MIR variability in outburst. Analyzing a sample of 16 sources detected in NEOWISE, we show variability trends in the X-ray hardness and MIR spectral index wherein i) the MIR bands are typically dominated by jet emission during the hard states, constraining the electron power spectrum index to $p \approx 1-4$ in the optically thin regime and indicating emitting regions of a few tens of gravitational radii when evolving towards a flat spectrum, ii) the MIR luminosity ($L_{IR}$) scales as $L_{IR}\propto L_X^{0.82\pm0.12}$ with the $2-10$ keV X-ray luminosity ($L_X$) in the hard state, consistent with its origin in a jet, and iii) the thermal disk emission dominates the soft state as the jet switches off and dramatically suppresses ($\gtrsim 10\times$) the MIR emission into a inverted spectrum ($α\approx -1$, where $F_ν\proptoν^{-α}$). We highlight a population of `mini' BHXRB outbursts detected in NEOWISE (including two previously unreported episodes in MAXI J1828-249) but missed in MAXI due to their faint fluxes or source confusion, exhibiting MIR spectral indices suggestive of thermal emission from a large outer disk. We highlight that upcoming IR surveys and the Rubin observatory will be powerful discovery engines for the distinctively large amplitude and long-lived outbursts of BHXRBs, as an independent discovery route to X-ray monitors. |
| format | Preprint |
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arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2406_17866 |
| institution | arXiv |
| publishDate | 2024 |
| record_format | arxiv |
| spellingShingle | Correlated mid-infrared and X-ray outbursts in black hole X-ray binaries: A new route to discovery in infrared surveys John, Chris De, Kishalay Lucchini, Matteo Behar, Ehud Kara, Erin MacLeod, Morgan Panagiotou, Christos Wang, Jingyi High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena Solar and Stellar Astrophysics The mid-infrared (MIR; $λ\simeq3 - 10μ$m) bands offer a unique window into understanding accretion and its interplay with jet formation in Galactic black hole X-ray binaries (BHXRBs). Although extremely difficult to observe from the ground, the NEOWISE time domain survey offers an excellent data set to study MIR variability when combined with contemporaneous X-ray data from the MAXI all-sky survey over a $\approx15$ yr baseline. Using a new forced photometry pipeline for NEOWISE data, we present the first systematic study of BHXRB MIR variability in outburst. Analyzing a sample of 16 sources detected in NEOWISE, we show variability trends in the X-ray hardness and MIR spectral index wherein i) the MIR bands are typically dominated by jet emission during the hard states, constraining the electron power spectrum index to $p \approx 1-4$ in the optically thin regime and indicating emitting regions of a few tens of gravitational radii when evolving towards a flat spectrum, ii) the MIR luminosity ($L_{IR}$) scales as $L_{IR}\propto L_X^{0.82\pm0.12}$ with the $2-10$ keV X-ray luminosity ($L_X$) in the hard state, consistent with its origin in a jet, and iii) the thermal disk emission dominates the soft state as the jet switches off and dramatically suppresses ($\gtrsim 10\times$) the MIR emission into a inverted spectrum ($α\approx -1$, where $F_ν\proptoν^{-α}$). We highlight a population of `mini' BHXRB outbursts detected in NEOWISE (including two previously unreported episodes in MAXI J1828-249) but missed in MAXI due to their faint fluxes or source confusion, exhibiting MIR spectral indices suggestive of thermal emission from a large outer disk. We highlight that upcoming IR surveys and the Rubin observatory will be powerful discovery engines for the distinctively large amplitude and long-lived outbursts of BHXRBs, as an independent discovery route to X-ray monitors. |
| title | Correlated mid-infrared and X-ray outbursts in black hole X-ray binaries: A new route to discovery in infrared surveys |
| topic | High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena Solar and Stellar Astrophysics |
| url | https://arxiv.org/abs/2406.17866 |