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Main Authors: Project, CTA-LST, :, Abe, K., Abe, S., Abhishek, A., Acero, F., Aguasca-Cabot, A., Agudo, I., Crespo, N. Alvarez, Antonelli, L. A., Aramo, C., Arbet-Engels, A., Arcaro, C., Artero, M., Asano, K., Aubert, P., Baktash, A., Bamba, A., Larriva, A. Baquero, Baroncelli, L., de Almeida, U. Barres, Barrio, J. A., Batkovic, I., Baxter, J., González, J. Becerra, Bernardini, E., Medrano, J. Bernete, Berti, A., Bhattacharjee, P., Bigongiari, C., Bissaldi, E., Blanch, O., Bonnoli, G., Bordas, P., Brunelli, G., Bulgarelli, A., Burelli, I., Burmistrov, L., Buscemi, M., Cardillo, M., Caroff, S., Carosi, A., Carrasco, M. S., Cassol, F., Castrejón, N., Cauz, D., Cerasole, D., Ceribella, G., Chai, Y., Cheng, K., Chiavassa, A., Chikawa, M., Chon, G., Chytka, L., Cicciari, G. M., Cifuentes, A., Contreras, J. L., Cortina, J., Costantini, H., Da Vela, P., Dalchenko, M., Dazzi, F., De Angelis, A., de Lavergne, M. de Bony, De Lotto, B., de Menezes, R., Del Peral, L., Delgado, C., Mengual, J. Delgado, della Volpe, D., Dellaiera, M., Di Piano, A., Di Pierro, F., Di Tria, R., Di Venere, L., Díaz, C., Dominik, R. M., Prester, D. Dominis, Donini, A., Dorner, D., Doro, M., Eisenberger, L., Elsässer, D., Emery, G., Escudero, J., Ramazani, V. Fallah, Ferrarotto, F., Fiasson, A., Foffano, L., Coromina, L. Freixas, Fröse, S., Fukazawa, Y., López, R. Garcia, Gasbarra, C., Gasparrini, D., Gavira, L., Geyer, D., Paiva, J. Giesbrecht, Giglietto, N., Giordano, F., Gliwny, P., Godinovic, N., Grau, R., Green, D., Green, J., Gunji, S., Günther, P., Hackfeld, J., Hadasch, D., Hahn, A., Hassan, T., Hayashi, K., Heckmann, L., Heller, M., Llorente, J. Herrera, Hirotani, K., Hoffmann, D., Horns, D., Houles, J., Hrabovsky, M., Hrupec, D., Hui, D., Iarlori, M., Imazawa, R., Inada, T., Inome, Y., Ioka, K., Iori, M., Martinez, I. Jimenez, Quiles, J. Jiménez, Jurysek, J., Kagaya, M., Karas, V., Katagiri, H., Kataoka, J., Kerszberg, D., Kobayashi, Y., Kohri, K., Kong, A., Kubo, H., Kushida, J., Lainez, M., Lamanna, G., Lamastra, A., Lemoigne, L., Linhoff, M., Longo, F., López-Coto, R., López-Moya, M., López-Oramas, A., Loporchio, S., Lorini, A., Bahilo, J. Lozano, Luque-Escamilla, P. L., Majumdar, P., Makariev, M., Mallamaci, M., Mandat, D., Manganaro, M., Manicò, G., Mannheim, K., Marchesi, S., Mariotti, M., Marquez, P., Marsella, G., Martí, J., Martinez, O., Martínez, G., Martínez, M., Mas-Aguilar, A., Maurin, G., Mazin, D., Guillen, E. Mestre, Micanovic, S., Miceli, D., Miener, T., Miranda, J. M., Mirzoyan, R., Mizuno, T., Gonzalez, M. Molero, Molina, E., Montaruli, T., Moralejo, A., Morcuende, D., Morselli, A., Moya, V., Muraishi, H., Nagataki, S., Nakamori, T., Neronov, A., Nickel, L., Rosillo, M. Nievas, Nikolic, L., Nishijima, K., Noda, K., Nosek, D., Novotny, V., Nozaki, S., Ohishi, M., Ohtani, Y., Oka, T., Okumura, A., Orito, R., Otero-Santos, J., Ottanelli, P., Owen, E., Palatiello, M., Paneque, D., Pantaleo, F. R., Paoletti, R., Paredes, J. M., Pech, M., Pecimotika, M., Peresano, M., Pfeiffle, F., Pietropaolo, E., Pihet, M., Pirola, G., Plard, C., Podobnik, F., Pons, E., Prandini, E., Priyadarshi, C., Prouza, M., Rando, R., Rhode, W., Ribó, M., Righi, C., Rizi, V., Fernandez, G. Rodriguez, Frías, M. D. Rodríguez, Saito, T., Sakurai, S., Sanchez, D. A., Sano, H., Šarić, T., Sato, Y., Saturni, F. G., Savchenko, V., Schiavone, F., Schleicher, B., Schmuckermaier, F., Schubert, J. L., Schussler, F., Schweizer, T., Arroyo, M. Seglar, Siegert, T., Silvia, R., Sitarek, J., Sliusar, V., Strišković, J., Strzys, M., Suda, Y., Tajima, H., Takahashi, H., Takahashi, M., Takata, J., Takeishi, R., Tam, P. H. T., Tanaka, S. J., Tateishi, D., Tavernier, T., Temnikov, P., Terada, Y., Terauchi, K., Terzic, T., Teshima, M., Tluczykont, M., Tokanai, F., Torres, D. F., Travnicek, P., Truzzi, S., Tutone, A., Vacula, M., Vallania, P., van Scherpenberg, J., Acosta, M. Vázquez, Verna, G., Viale, I., Vigliano, A., Vigorito, C. F., Visentin, E., Vitale, V., Voitsekhovskyi, V., Voutsinas, G., Vovk, I., Vuillaume, T., Walter, R., Wan, L., Will, M., Yamamoto, T., Yamazaki, R., Yeung, P. K. H., Yoshida, T., Yoshikoshi, T., Zhang, W., Zywucka, N.
Format: Preprint
Published: 2024
Subjects:
Online Access:https://arxiv.org/abs/2407.02343
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author Project, CTA-LST
:
Abe, K.
Abe, S.
Abhishek, A.
Acero, F.
Aguasca-Cabot, A.
Agudo, I.
Crespo, N. Alvarez
Antonelli, L. A.
Aramo, C.
Arbet-Engels, A.
Arcaro, C.
Artero, M.
Asano, K.
Aubert, P.
Baktash, A.
Bamba, A.
Larriva, A. Baquero
Baroncelli, L.
de Almeida, U. Barres
Barrio, J. A.
Batkovic, I.
Baxter, J.
González, J. Becerra
Bernardini, E.
Medrano, J. Bernete
Berti, A.
Bhattacharjee, P.
Bigongiari, C.
Bissaldi, E.
Blanch, O.
Bonnoli, G.
Bordas, P.
Brunelli, G.
Bulgarelli, A.
Burelli, I.
Burmistrov, L.
Buscemi, M.
Cardillo, M.
Caroff, S.
Carosi, A.
Carrasco, M. S.
Cassol, F.
Castrejón, N.
Cauz, D.
Cerasole, D.
Ceribella, G.
Chai, Y.
Cheng, K.
Chiavassa, A.
Chikawa, M.
Chon, G.
Chytka, L.
Cicciari, G. M.
Cifuentes, A.
Contreras, J. L.
Cortina, J.
Costantini, H.
Da Vela, P.
Dalchenko, M.
Dazzi, F.
De Angelis, A.
de Lavergne, M. de Bony
De Lotto, B.
de Menezes, R.
Del Peral, L.
Delgado, C.
Mengual, J. Delgado
della Volpe, D.
Dellaiera, M.
Di Piano, A.
Di Pierro, F.
Di Tria, R.
Di Venere, L.
Díaz, C.
Dominik, R. M.
Prester, D. Dominis
Donini, A.
Dorner, D.
Doro, M.
Eisenberger, L.
Elsässer, D.
Emery, G.
Escudero, J.
Ramazani, V. Fallah
Ferrarotto, F.
Fiasson, A.
Foffano, L.
Coromina, L. Freixas
Fröse, S.
Fukazawa, Y.
López, R. Garcia
Gasbarra, C.
Gasparrini, D.
Gavira, L.
Geyer, D.
Paiva, J. Giesbrecht
Giglietto, N.
Giordano, F.
Gliwny, P.
Godinovic, N.
Grau, R.
Green, D.
Green, J.
Gunji, S.
Günther, P.
Hackfeld, J.
Hadasch, D.
Hahn, A.
Hassan, T.
Hayashi, K.
Heckmann, L.
Heller, M.
Llorente, J. Herrera
Hirotani, K.
Hoffmann, D.
Horns, D.
Houles, J.
Hrabovsky, M.
Hrupec, D.
Hui, D.
Iarlori, M.
Imazawa, R.
Inada, T.
Inome, Y.
Ioka, K.
Iori, M.
Martinez, I. Jimenez
Quiles, J. Jiménez
Jurysek, J.
Kagaya, M.
Karas, V.
Katagiri, H.
Kataoka, J.
Kerszberg, D.
Kobayashi, Y.
Kohri, K.
Kong, A.
Kubo, H.
Kushida, J.
Lainez, M.
Lamanna, G.
Lamastra, A.
Lemoigne, L.
Linhoff, M.
Longo, F.
López-Coto, R.
López-Moya, M.
López-Oramas, A.
Loporchio, S.
Lorini, A.
Bahilo, J. Lozano
Luque-Escamilla, P. L.
Majumdar, P.
Makariev, M.
Mallamaci, M.
Mandat, D.
Manganaro, M.
Manicò, G.
Mannheim, K.
Marchesi, S.
Mariotti, M.
Marquez, P.
Marsella, G.
Martí, J.
Martinez, O.
Martínez, G.
Martínez, M.
Mas-Aguilar, A.
Maurin, G.
Mazin, D.
Guillen, E. Mestre
Micanovic, S.
Miceli, D.
Miener, T.
Miranda, J. M.
Mirzoyan, R.
Mizuno, T.
Gonzalez, M. Molero
Molina, E.
Montaruli, T.
Moralejo, A.
Morcuende, D.
Morselli, A.
Moya, V.
Muraishi, H.
Nagataki, S.
Nakamori, T.
Neronov, A.
Nickel, L.
Rosillo, M. Nievas
Nikolic, L.
Nishijima, K.
Noda, K.
Nosek, D.
Novotny, V.
Nozaki, S.
Ohishi, M.
Ohtani, Y.
Oka, T.
Okumura, A.
Orito, R.
Otero-Santos, J.
Ottanelli, P.
Owen, E.
Palatiello, M.
Paneque, D.
Pantaleo, F. R.
Paoletti, R.
Paredes, J. M.
Pech, M.
Pecimotika, M.
Peresano, M.
Pfeiffle, F.
Pietropaolo, E.
Pihet, M.
Pirola, G.
Plard, C.
Podobnik, F.
Pons, E.
Prandini, E.
Priyadarshi, C.
Prouza, M.
Rando, R.
Rhode, W.
Ribó, M.
Righi, C.
Rizi, V.
Fernandez, G. Rodriguez
Frías, M. D. Rodríguez
Saito, T.
Sakurai, S.
Sanchez, D. A.
Sano, H.
Šarić, T.
Sato, Y.
Saturni, F. G.
Savchenko, V.
Schiavone, F.
Schleicher, B.
Schmuckermaier, F.
Schubert, J. L.
Schussler, F.
Schweizer, T.
Arroyo, M. Seglar
Siegert, T.
Silvia, R.
Sitarek, J.
Sliusar, V.
Strišković, J.
Strzys, M.
Suda, Y.
Tajima, H.
Takahashi, H.
Takahashi, M.
Takata, J.
Takeishi, R.
Tam, P. H. T.
Tanaka, S. J.
Tateishi, D.
Tavernier, T.
Temnikov, P.
Terada, Y.
Terauchi, K.
Terzic, T.
Teshima, M.
Tluczykont, M.
Tokanai, F.
Torres, D. F.
Travnicek, P.
Truzzi, S.
Tutone, A.
Vacula, M.
Vallania, P.
van Scherpenberg, J.
Acosta, M. Vázquez
Verna, G.
Viale, I.
Vigliano, A.
Vigorito, C. F.
Visentin, E.
Vitale, V.
Voitsekhovskyi, V.
Voutsinas, G.
Vovk, I.
Vuillaume, T.
Walter, R.
Wan, L.
Will, M.
Yamamoto, T.
Yamazaki, R.
Yeung, P. K. H.
Yoshida, T.
Yoshikoshi, T.
Zhang, W.
Zywucka, N.
author_facet Project, CTA-LST
:
Abe, K.
Abe, S.
Abhishek, A.
Acero, F.
Aguasca-Cabot, A.
Agudo, I.
Crespo, N. Alvarez
Antonelli, L. A.
Aramo, C.
Arbet-Engels, A.
Arcaro, C.
Artero, M.
Asano, K.
Aubert, P.
Baktash, A.
Bamba, A.
Larriva, A. Baquero
Baroncelli, L.
de Almeida, U. Barres
Barrio, J. A.
Batkovic, I.
Baxter, J.
González, J. Becerra
Bernardini, E.
Medrano, J. Bernete
Berti, A.
Bhattacharjee, P.
Bigongiari, C.
Bissaldi, E.
Blanch, O.
Bonnoli, G.
Bordas, P.
Brunelli, G.
Bulgarelli, A.
Burelli, I.
Burmistrov, L.
Buscemi, M.
Cardillo, M.
Caroff, S.
Carosi, A.
Carrasco, M. S.
Cassol, F.
Castrejón, N.
Cauz, D.
Cerasole, D.
Ceribella, G.
Chai, Y.
Cheng, K.
Chiavassa, A.
Chikawa, M.
Chon, G.
Chytka, L.
Cicciari, G. M.
Cifuentes, A.
Contreras, J. L.
Cortina, J.
Costantini, H.
Da Vela, P.
Dalchenko, M.
Dazzi, F.
De Angelis, A.
de Lavergne, M. de Bony
De Lotto, B.
de Menezes, R.
Del Peral, L.
Delgado, C.
Mengual, J. Delgado
della Volpe, D.
Dellaiera, M.
Di Piano, A.
Di Pierro, F.
Di Tria, R.
Di Venere, L.
Díaz, C.
Dominik, R. M.
Prester, D. Dominis
Donini, A.
Dorner, D.
Doro, M.
Eisenberger, L.
Elsässer, D.
Emery, G.
Escudero, J.
Ramazani, V. Fallah
Ferrarotto, F.
Fiasson, A.
Foffano, L.
Coromina, L. Freixas
Fröse, S.
Fukazawa, Y.
López, R. Garcia
Gasbarra, C.
Gasparrini, D.
Gavira, L.
Geyer, D.
Paiva, J. Giesbrecht
Giglietto, N.
Giordano, F.
Gliwny, P.
Godinovic, N.
Grau, R.
Green, D.
Green, J.
Gunji, S.
Günther, P.
Hackfeld, J.
Hadasch, D.
Hahn, A.
Hassan, T.
Hayashi, K.
Heckmann, L.
Heller, M.
Llorente, J. Herrera
Hirotani, K.
Hoffmann, D.
Horns, D.
Houles, J.
Hrabovsky, M.
Hrupec, D.
Hui, D.
Iarlori, M.
Imazawa, R.
Inada, T.
Inome, Y.
Ioka, K.
Iori, M.
Martinez, I. Jimenez
Quiles, J. Jiménez
Jurysek, J.
Kagaya, M.
Karas, V.
Katagiri, H.
Kataoka, J.
Kerszberg, D.
Kobayashi, Y.
Kohri, K.
Kong, A.
Kubo, H.
Kushida, J.
Lainez, M.
Lamanna, G.
Lamastra, A.
Lemoigne, L.
Linhoff, M.
Longo, F.
López-Coto, R.
López-Moya, M.
López-Oramas, A.
Loporchio, S.
Lorini, A.
Bahilo, J. Lozano
Luque-Escamilla, P. L.
Majumdar, P.
Makariev, M.
Mallamaci, M.
Mandat, D.
Manganaro, M.
Manicò, G.
Mannheim, K.
Marchesi, S.
Mariotti, M.
Marquez, P.
Marsella, G.
Martí, J.
Martinez, O.
Martínez, G.
Martínez, M.
Mas-Aguilar, A.
Maurin, G.
Mazin, D.
Guillen, E. Mestre
Micanovic, S.
Miceli, D.
Miener, T.
Miranda, J. M.
Mirzoyan, R.
Mizuno, T.
Gonzalez, M. Molero
Molina, E.
Montaruli, T.
Moralejo, A.
Morcuende, D.
Morselli, A.
Moya, V.
Muraishi, H.
Nagataki, S.
Nakamori, T.
Neronov, A.
Nickel, L.
Rosillo, M. Nievas
Nikolic, L.
Nishijima, K.
Noda, K.
Nosek, D.
Novotny, V.
Nozaki, S.
Ohishi, M.
Ohtani, Y.
Oka, T.
Okumura, A.
Orito, R.
Otero-Santos, J.
Ottanelli, P.
Owen, E.
Palatiello, M.
Paneque, D.
Pantaleo, F. R.
Paoletti, R.
Paredes, J. M.
Pech, M.
Pecimotika, M.
Peresano, M.
Pfeiffle, F.
Pietropaolo, E.
Pihet, M.
Pirola, G.
Plard, C.
Podobnik, F.
Pons, E.
Prandini, E.
Priyadarshi, C.
Prouza, M.
Rando, R.
Rhode, W.
Ribó, M.
Righi, C.
Rizi, V.
Fernandez, G. Rodriguez
Frías, M. D. Rodríguez
Saito, T.
Sakurai, S.
Sanchez, D. A.
Sano, H.
Šarić, T.
Sato, Y.
Saturni, F. G.
Savchenko, V.
Schiavone, F.
Schleicher, B.
Schmuckermaier, F.
Schubert, J. L.
Schussler, F.
Schweizer, T.
Arroyo, M. Seglar
Siegert, T.
Silvia, R.
Sitarek, J.
Sliusar, V.
Strišković, J.
Strzys, M.
Suda, Y.
Tajima, H.
Takahashi, H.
Takahashi, M.
Takata, J.
Takeishi, R.
Tam, P. H. T.
Tanaka, S. J.
Tateishi, D.
Tavernier, T.
Temnikov, P.
Terada, Y.
Terauchi, K.
Terzic, T.
Teshima, M.
Tluczykont, M.
Tokanai, F.
Torres, D. F.
Travnicek, P.
Truzzi, S.
Tutone, A.
Vacula, M.
Vallania, P.
van Scherpenberg, J.
Acosta, M. Vázquez
Verna, G.
Viale, I.
Vigliano, A.
Vigorito, C. F.
Visentin, E.
Vitale, V.
Voitsekhovskyi, V.
Voutsinas, G.
Vovk, I.
Vuillaume, T.
Walter, R.
Wan, L.
Will, M.
Yamamoto, T.
Yamazaki, R.
Yeung, P. K. H.
Yoshida, T.
Yoshikoshi, T.
Zhang, W.
Zywucka, N.
contents Context: There are currently three pulsars firmly detected by imaging atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes (IACTs), two of them reaching TeV energies, challenging models of very-high-energy (VHE) emission in pulsars. More precise observations are needed to better characterize pulsar emission at these energies. The LST-1 is the prototype of the Large-Sized Telescope, that will be part of the Cherenkov Telescope Array Observatory (CTAO). Its improved performance over previous IACTs makes it well suited for studying pulsars. Aims: To study the Crab pulsar emission with the LST-1, improving and complementing the results from other telescopes. These observations can also be used to characterize the potential of the LST-1 to study other pulsars and detect new ones. Methods: We analyzed a total of $\sim$103 hours of gamma-ray observations of the Crab pulsar conducted with the LST-1 in the period from September 2020 to January 2023. The observations were carried out at zenith angles less than 50 degrees. A new analysis of the Fermi-LAT data was also performed, including $\sim$14 years of observations. Results: The Crab pulsar phaseogram, long-term light-curve, and phase-resolved spectra are reconstructed with the LST-1 from 20 GeV to 450 GeV for P1 and up to 700 GeV for P2. The pulsed emission is detected with a significance of 15.2$σ$. The two characteristic emission peaks of the Crab pulsar are clearly detected (>10$σ$), as well as the so-called bridge emission (5.7$σ$). We find that both peaks are well described by power laws, with spectral indices of $\sim$3.44 and $\sim$3.03 respectively. The joint analysis of Fermi-LAT and LST-1 data shows a good agreement between both instruments in the overlapping energy range. The detailed results obtained in the first observations of the Crab pulsar with LST-1 show the potential that CTAO will have to study this type of sources.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2407_02343
institution arXiv
publishDate 2024
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle A detailed study of the very-high-energy Crab pulsar emission with the LST-1
Project, CTA-LST
:
Abe, K.
Abe, S.
Abhishek, A.
Acero, F.
Aguasca-Cabot, A.
Agudo, I.
Crespo, N. Alvarez
Antonelli, L. A.
Aramo, C.
Arbet-Engels, A.
Arcaro, C.
Artero, M.
Asano, K.
Aubert, P.
Baktash, A.
Bamba, A.
Larriva, A. Baquero
Baroncelli, L.
de Almeida, U. Barres
Barrio, J. A.
Batkovic, I.
Baxter, J.
González, J. Becerra
Bernardini, E.
Medrano, J. Bernete
Berti, A.
Bhattacharjee, P.
Bigongiari, C.
Bissaldi, E.
Blanch, O.
Bonnoli, G.
Bordas, P.
Brunelli, G.
Bulgarelli, A.
Burelli, I.
Burmistrov, L.
Buscemi, M.
Cardillo, M.
Caroff, S.
Carosi, A.
Carrasco, M. S.
Cassol, F.
Castrejón, N.
Cauz, D.
Cerasole, D.
Ceribella, G.
Chai, Y.
Cheng, K.
Chiavassa, A.
Chikawa, M.
Chon, G.
Chytka, L.
Cicciari, G. M.
Cifuentes, A.
Contreras, J. L.
Cortina, J.
Costantini, H.
Da Vela, P.
Dalchenko, M.
Dazzi, F.
De Angelis, A.
de Lavergne, M. de Bony
De Lotto, B.
de Menezes, R.
Del Peral, L.
Delgado, C.
Mengual, J. Delgado
della Volpe, D.
Dellaiera, M.
Di Piano, A.
Di Pierro, F.
Di Tria, R.
Di Venere, L.
Díaz, C.
Dominik, R. M.
Prester, D. Dominis
Donini, A.
Dorner, D.
Doro, M.
Eisenberger, L.
Elsässer, D.
Emery, G.
Escudero, J.
Ramazani, V. Fallah
Ferrarotto, F.
Fiasson, A.
Foffano, L.
Coromina, L. Freixas
Fröse, S.
Fukazawa, Y.
López, R. Garcia
Gasbarra, C.
Gasparrini, D.
Gavira, L.
Geyer, D.
Paiva, J. Giesbrecht
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High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
Context: There are currently three pulsars firmly detected by imaging atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes (IACTs), two of them reaching TeV energies, challenging models of very-high-energy (VHE) emission in pulsars. More precise observations are needed to better characterize pulsar emission at these energies. The LST-1 is the prototype of the Large-Sized Telescope, that will be part of the Cherenkov Telescope Array Observatory (CTAO). Its improved performance over previous IACTs makes it well suited for studying pulsars. Aims: To study the Crab pulsar emission with the LST-1, improving and complementing the results from other telescopes. These observations can also be used to characterize the potential of the LST-1 to study other pulsars and detect new ones. Methods: We analyzed a total of $\sim$103 hours of gamma-ray observations of the Crab pulsar conducted with the LST-1 in the period from September 2020 to January 2023. The observations were carried out at zenith angles less than 50 degrees. A new analysis of the Fermi-LAT data was also performed, including $\sim$14 years of observations. Results: The Crab pulsar phaseogram, long-term light-curve, and phase-resolved spectra are reconstructed with the LST-1 from 20 GeV to 450 GeV for P1 and up to 700 GeV for P2. The pulsed emission is detected with a significance of 15.2$σ$. The two characteristic emission peaks of the Crab pulsar are clearly detected (>10$σ$), as well as the so-called bridge emission (5.7$σ$). We find that both peaks are well described by power laws, with spectral indices of $\sim$3.44 and $\sim$3.03 respectively. The joint analysis of Fermi-LAT and LST-1 data shows a good agreement between both instruments in the overlapping energy range. The detailed results obtained in the first observations of the Crab pulsar with LST-1 show the potential that CTAO will have to study this type of sources.
title A detailed study of the very-high-energy Crab pulsar emission with the LST-1
topic High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2407.02343