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| Main Authors: | , , , |
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| Format: | Preprint |
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2024
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| Online Access: | https://arxiv.org/abs/2407.11115 |
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| _version_ | 1866910585564692480 |
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| author | Hamada, Yu Kawana, Kiyoharu Kim, TaeHun Lu, Philip |
| author_facet | Hamada, Yu Kawana, Kiyoharu Kim, TaeHun Lu, Philip |
| contents | Q-balls are non-topological solitons in field theories whose stability is typically guaranteed by the existence of a global conserved charge. A classic realization is the Friedberg-Lee-Sirlin (FLS) Q-ball in a two-scalar system where a real scalar $χ$ triggers symmetry breaking and confines a complex scalar $Φ$ with a global $U(1)$ symmetry. A quartic interaction $κχ^2|Φ|^2$ with $κ>0$ is usually considered to produce a nontrivial Q-ball configuration, and this repulsive force contributes to its stability. On the other hand, the attractive cubic interaction $Λχ|Φ|^2$ is generally allowed in a renormalizable theory and could induce an instability. In this paper, we study the behavior of the Q-ball under the influence of this attractive force which has been overlooked. We find approximate Q-ball solutions in the limit of weak and moderate force couplings using the thin-wall and thick-wall approximations respectively. Our analytical results are consistent with numerical simulations and predict the parameter dependencies of the maximum charge. A crucial difference with the ordinary FLS Q-ball is the existence of the maximum charge beyond which the Q-ball solution is classically unstable. Such a limitation of the charge fundamentally affects Q-ball formation in the early Universe and could plausibly lead to the formation of primordial black holes. |
| format | Preprint |
| id |
arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2407_11115 |
| institution | arXiv |
| publishDate | 2024 |
| record_format | arxiv |
| spellingShingle | Q-Balls in the presence of attractive force Hamada, Yu Kawana, Kiyoharu Kim, TaeHun Lu, Philip High Energy Physics - Phenomenology Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics High Energy Physics - Theory Q-balls are non-topological solitons in field theories whose stability is typically guaranteed by the existence of a global conserved charge. A classic realization is the Friedberg-Lee-Sirlin (FLS) Q-ball in a two-scalar system where a real scalar $χ$ triggers symmetry breaking and confines a complex scalar $Φ$ with a global $U(1)$ symmetry. A quartic interaction $κχ^2|Φ|^2$ with $κ>0$ is usually considered to produce a nontrivial Q-ball configuration, and this repulsive force contributes to its stability. On the other hand, the attractive cubic interaction $Λχ|Φ|^2$ is generally allowed in a renormalizable theory and could induce an instability. In this paper, we study the behavior of the Q-ball under the influence of this attractive force which has been overlooked. We find approximate Q-ball solutions in the limit of weak and moderate force couplings using the thin-wall and thick-wall approximations respectively. Our analytical results are consistent with numerical simulations and predict the parameter dependencies of the maximum charge. A crucial difference with the ordinary FLS Q-ball is the existence of the maximum charge beyond which the Q-ball solution is classically unstable. Such a limitation of the charge fundamentally affects Q-ball formation in the early Universe and could plausibly lead to the formation of primordial black holes. |
| title | Q-Balls in the presence of attractive force |
| topic | High Energy Physics - Phenomenology Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics High Energy Physics - Theory |
| url | https://arxiv.org/abs/2407.11115 |