Various Features of the X-class White-light Flares in Super Active Region NOAA 13664
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arXiv
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| Format: | Preprint |
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2024
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| _version_ | 1866914909323788288 |
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| author | Li, Ying Liu, Xiaofeng Jing, Zhichen Chen, Wei Li, Qiao Su, Yang Song, De-Chao Ding, M. D. Feng, Li Li, Hui Gan, Weiqun |
| author_facet | Li, Ying Liu, Xiaofeng Jing, Zhichen Chen, Wei Li, Qiao Su, Yang Song, De-Chao Ding, M. D. Feng, Li Li, Hui Gan, Weiqun |
| contents | Super active region NOAA 13664 produced 12 X-class flares (including the largest one, an occulted X8.7 flare, in solar cycle 25 so far) during 2024 May 8-15 and 11 of them are identified as white-light flares. Here we present various features of these X-class white-light flares observed by the White-light Solar Telescope (WST) on board the Advanced Space-based Solar Observatory and the Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager (HMI) on board the Solar Dynamics Observatory. It is found that both the white-light emissions at WST 3600 Å (Balmer continuum) and HMI 6173 Å (Paschen continuum) show up in different regions of the sunspot group in these flares, including outside the sunspots and within the penumbra and umbra of the sunspots. They exhibit a point-, ribbon-, loop-, or ejecta-like shape, which can come from flare ribbons (or footpoints), flare loops, and plasma ejecta depending on the perspective view. The white-light duration and relative enhancement are measured and both parameters for 3600 Å emission have greater values than those for 6173 Å emission. It is also found that these white-light emissions are cospatial well with the hard X-ray (HXR) sources in the on-disk flares but have some offsets with the HXR emissions in the off-limb flares. In addition, it is interesting that the 3600 and 6173 Å emissions show different correlations with the peak HXR fluxes, with the former one more sensitive to the HXR emission. All these greatly help us understand the white-light flares of a large magnitude from a super active region on the Sun and also provide important insights into superflares on Sun-like stars. |
| format | Preprint |
| id |
arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2408_05725 |
| institution | arXiv |
| publishDate | 2024 |
| record_format | arxiv |
| spellingShingle | Various Features of the X-class White-light Flares in Super Active Region NOAA 13664 Li, Ying Liu, Xiaofeng Jing, Zhichen Chen, Wei Li, Qiao Su, Yang Song, De-Chao Ding, M. D. Feng, Li Li, Hui Gan, Weiqun Solar and Stellar Astrophysics Super active region NOAA 13664 produced 12 X-class flares (including the largest one, an occulted X8.7 flare, in solar cycle 25 so far) during 2024 May 8-15 and 11 of them are identified as white-light flares. Here we present various features of these X-class white-light flares observed by the White-light Solar Telescope (WST) on board the Advanced Space-based Solar Observatory and the Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager (HMI) on board the Solar Dynamics Observatory. It is found that both the white-light emissions at WST 3600 Å (Balmer continuum) and HMI 6173 Å (Paschen continuum) show up in different regions of the sunspot group in these flares, including outside the sunspots and within the penumbra and umbra of the sunspots. They exhibit a point-, ribbon-, loop-, or ejecta-like shape, which can come from flare ribbons (or footpoints), flare loops, and plasma ejecta depending on the perspective view. The white-light duration and relative enhancement are measured and both parameters for 3600 Å emission have greater values than those for 6173 Å emission. It is also found that these white-light emissions are cospatial well with the hard X-ray (HXR) sources in the on-disk flares but have some offsets with the HXR emissions in the off-limb flares. In addition, it is interesting that the 3600 and 6173 Å emissions show different correlations with the peak HXR fluxes, with the former one more sensitive to the HXR emission. All these greatly help us understand the white-light flares of a large magnitude from a super active region on the Sun and also provide important insights into superflares on Sun-like stars. |
| title | Various Features of the X-class White-light Flares in Super Active Region NOAA 13664 |
| topic | Solar and Stellar Astrophysics |
| url | https://arxiv.org/abs/2408.05725 |