G321.93-0.01: A Rare Site of Multiple Hub-Filament Systems with Evidence of Collision and Merging of Filaments
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| Format: | Preprint |
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2024
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| _version_ | 1866909398220144640 |
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| author | Maity, A. K. Dewangan, L. K. Bhadari, N. K. Fukui, Y. Ismail, A. Haj Jadhav, O. R. Sharma, Saurabh Sano, H. |
| author_facet | Maity, A. K. Dewangan, L. K. Bhadari, N. K. Fukui, Y. Ismail, A. Haj Jadhav, O. R. Sharma, Saurabh Sano, H. |
| contents | Hub-filament systems (HFSs) are potential sites of massive star formation (MSF). To understand the role of filaments in MSF and the origin of HFSs, we conducted a multi-scale and multi-wavelength observational investigation of the molecular cloud G321.93-0.01. The $^{13}$CO($J$ = 2-1) data reveal multiple HFSs, namely, HFS-1, HFS-2, and a candidate HFS (C-HFS). HFS-1 and HFS-2 exhibit significant mass accretion rates ($\dot{M}_{||}$ $> 10^{-3}$ $M_{\odot}$ yr$^{-1}$) to their hubs (i.e., Hub-1 and Hub-2, respectively). Hub-1 is comparatively massive, having higher $\dot{M}_{||}$ than Hub-2, allowing to derive a relationship $\dot{M}_{||} \propto M^β_{\rm{hub}}$, with $β\sim1.28$. Detection of three compact HII regions within Hub-1 using MeerKAT 1.28 GHz radio continuum data and the presence of a clump (ATL-3), which meets Kauffmann & Pillai's criteria for MSF, confirm the massive star-forming activity in HFS-1. We find several low-mass ALMA cores (1-9 $M_{\odot}$) inside ATL-3. The presence of a compact HII region at the hub of C-HFS confirms that it is active in MSF. Therefore, HFS-1 and C-HFS are in relatively evolved stages of MSF, where massive stars have begun ionizing their surroundings. Conversely, despite a high $\dot{M}_{||}$, the non-detection of radio continuum emission toward Hub-2 suggests it is in the relatively early stages of MSF. Analysis of $^{13}$CO($J$ = 2-1) data reveals that the formation of HFS-1 was likely triggered by the collision of a filamentary cloud about 1 Myr ago. In contrast, the relative velocities ($\gtrsim 1$ km s$^{-1}$) among the filaments of HFS-2 and C-HFS indicate their formation through the merging of filaments. |
| format | Preprint |
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arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2411_13870 |
| institution | arXiv |
| publishDate | 2024 |
| record_format | arxiv |
| spellingShingle | G321.93-0.01: A Rare Site of Multiple Hub-Filament Systems with Evidence of Collision and Merging of Filaments Maity, A. K. Dewangan, L. K. Bhadari, N. K. Fukui, Y. Ismail, A. Haj Jadhav, O. R. Sharma, Saurabh Sano, H. Astrophysics of Galaxies Hub-filament systems (HFSs) are potential sites of massive star formation (MSF). To understand the role of filaments in MSF and the origin of HFSs, we conducted a multi-scale and multi-wavelength observational investigation of the molecular cloud G321.93-0.01. The $^{13}$CO($J$ = 2-1) data reveal multiple HFSs, namely, HFS-1, HFS-2, and a candidate HFS (C-HFS). HFS-1 and HFS-2 exhibit significant mass accretion rates ($\dot{M}_{||}$ $> 10^{-3}$ $M_{\odot}$ yr$^{-1}$) to their hubs (i.e., Hub-1 and Hub-2, respectively). Hub-1 is comparatively massive, having higher $\dot{M}_{||}$ than Hub-2, allowing to derive a relationship $\dot{M}_{||} \propto M^β_{\rm{hub}}$, with $β\sim1.28$. Detection of three compact HII regions within Hub-1 using MeerKAT 1.28 GHz radio continuum data and the presence of a clump (ATL-3), which meets Kauffmann & Pillai's criteria for MSF, confirm the massive star-forming activity in HFS-1. We find several low-mass ALMA cores (1-9 $M_{\odot}$) inside ATL-3. The presence of a compact HII region at the hub of C-HFS confirms that it is active in MSF. Therefore, HFS-1 and C-HFS are in relatively evolved stages of MSF, where massive stars have begun ionizing their surroundings. Conversely, despite a high $\dot{M}_{||}$, the non-detection of radio continuum emission toward Hub-2 suggests it is in the relatively early stages of MSF. Analysis of $^{13}$CO($J$ = 2-1) data reveals that the formation of HFS-1 was likely triggered by the collision of a filamentary cloud about 1 Myr ago. In contrast, the relative velocities ($\gtrsim 1$ km s$^{-1}$) among the filaments of HFS-2 and C-HFS indicate their formation through the merging of filaments. |
| title | G321.93-0.01: A Rare Site of Multiple Hub-Filament Systems with Evidence of Collision and Merging of Filaments |
| topic | Astrophysics of Galaxies |
| url | https://arxiv.org/abs/2411.13870 |