Spontaneous Torque on an Inhomogeneous Chiral Body out of Thermal Equilibrium
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arXiv
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| Format: | Preprint |
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2024
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| _version_ | 1866929742379220992 |
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| author | Milton, Kimball A. Pourtolami, Nima Kennedy, Gerard |
| author_facet | Milton, Kimball A. Pourtolami, Nima Kennedy, Gerard |
| contents | In a previous paper we showed that an inhomogeneous body in vacuum will experience a spontaneous force if it is not in thermal equilibrium with its environment. This is due to the asymmetric asymptotic radiation pattern such an object emits. We demonstrated this self-propulsive force by considering an expansion in powers of the electric susceptibility: A torque arises in first order, but only if the material constituting the body is nonreciprocal. No force arises in first order. A force does occur for bodies made of ordinary (reciprocal) materials in second order. Here we extend these considerations to the torque. As one would expect, a spontaneous torque will also appear on an inhomogeneous chiral object if it is out of thermal equilibrium with its environment. Once a chiral body starts to rotate, it will experience a small quantum frictional torque, but much more important, unless a mechanism is provided to maintain the nonequilibrium state, is thermalization: The body will rapidly reach thermal equilibrium with the vacuum, and the angular acceleration will essentially become zero. For a small, or even a large, inhomogeneous chiral body, a terminal angular velocity will result, which seems to be in the realm of observability. |
| format | Preprint |
| id |
arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2412_03336 |
| institution | arXiv |
| publishDate | 2024 |
| record_format | arxiv |
| spellingShingle | Spontaneous Torque on an Inhomogeneous Chiral Body out of Thermal Equilibrium Milton, Kimball A. Pourtolami, Nima Kennedy, Gerard Quantum Physics High Energy Physics - Theory In a previous paper we showed that an inhomogeneous body in vacuum will experience a spontaneous force if it is not in thermal equilibrium with its environment. This is due to the asymmetric asymptotic radiation pattern such an object emits. We demonstrated this self-propulsive force by considering an expansion in powers of the electric susceptibility: A torque arises in first order, but only if the material constituting the body is nonreciprocal. No force arises in first order. A force does occur for bodies made of ordinary (reciprocal) materials in second order. Here we extend these considerations to the torque. As one would expect, a spontaneous torque will also appear on an inhomogeneous chiral object if it is out of thermal equilibrium with its environment. Once a chiral body starts to rotate, it will experience a small quantum frictional torque, but much more important, unless a mechanism is provided to maintain the nonequilibrium state, is thermalization: The body will rapidly reach thermal equilibrium with the vacuum, and the angular acceleration will essentially become zero. For a small, or even a large, inhomogeneous chiral body, a terminal angular velocity will result, which seems to be in the realm of observability. |
| title | Spontaneous Torque on an Inhomogeneous Chiral Body out of Thermal Equilibrium |
| topic | Quantum Physics High Energy Physics - Theory |
| url | https://arxiv.org/abs/2412.03336 |