A Novel Low-Background Photomultiplier Tube Developed for Xenon Based Detectors
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| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Preprint |
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2024
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| _version_ | 1866915153710153728 |
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| author | Yun, Youhui Zhou, Zhizhen An, Baoguo Gao, Zhixing Han, Ke Liu, Jianglai Liang, Yuanzi Liu, Yang Meng, Yue Qian, Zhicheng Shang, Xiaofeng Si, Lin Song, Ziyan Wang, Hao Wang, Mingxin Wang, Shaobo Wu, Liangyu Wu, Weihao Wu, Yuan Yan, Binbin Yan, Xiyu Yuan, Zhe Zhang, Tao Zhao, Qiang Zeng, Xinning |
| author_facet | Yun, Youhui Zhou, Zhizhen An, Baoguo Gao, Zhixing Han, Ke Liu, Jianglai Liang, Yuanzi Liu, Yang Meng, Yue Qian, Zhicheng Shang, Xiaofeng Si, Lin Song, Ziyan Wang, Hao Wang, Mingxin Wang, Shaobo Wu, Liangyu Wu, Weihao Wu, Yuan Yan, Binbin Yan, Xiyu Yuan, Zhe Zhang, Tao Zhao, Qiang Zeng, Xinning |
| contents | Photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) are essential in xenon detectors like PandaX, LZ, and XENON experiments for dark matter searches and neutrino properties measurement. To minimize PMT-induced backgrounds, stringent requirements on PMT radioactivity are crucial. A novel 2-inch low-background R12699 PMT has been developed through a collaboration between the PandaX team and Hamamatsu Photonics K.K. corporation. Radioactivity measurements conducted with a high-purity germanium detector show levels of approximately 0.08 mBq/PMT for $\rm^{60}Co$ and 0.06~mBq/PMT for the $\rm^{238}U$ late chain, achieving a 15-fold reduction compared to R11410 PMT used in PandaX-4T. The radon emanation rate is below 3.2 $\rm μ$Bq/PMT (@90\% confidence level), while the surface $\rm^{210}Po$ activity is less than 18.4 $μ$Bq/cm$^2$. The electrical performance of these PMTs at cryogenic temperature was evaluated. With an optimized readout base, the gain was enhanced by 30\%, achieving an average gain of $4.23 \times 10^6$ at -1000~V and -100~$^{\circ}$C. The dark count rate averaged 2.5~Hz per channel. Compactness, low radioactivity, and robust electrical performance in the cryogenic temperature make the R12699 PMT ideal for next-generation liquid xenon detectors and other rare event searches. |
| format | Preprint |
| id |
arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2412_10830 |
| institution | arXiv |
| publishDate | 2024 |
| record_format | arxiv |
| spellingShingle | A Novel Low-Background Photomultiplier Tube Developed for Xenon Based Detectors Yun, Youhui Zhou, Zhizhen An, Baoguo Gao, Zhixing Han, Ke Liu, Jianglai Liang, Yuanzi Liu, Yang Meng, Yue Qian, Zhicheng Shang, Xiaofeng Si, Lin Song, Ziyan Wang, Hao Wang, Mingxin Wang, Shaobo Wu, Liangyu Wu, Weihao Wu, Yuan Yan, Binbin Yan, Xiyu Yuan, Zhe Zhang, Tao Zhao, Qiang Zeng, Xinning Instrumentation and Detectors High Energy Physics - Experiment Photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) are essential in xenon detectors like PandaX, LZ, and XENON experiments for dark matter searches and neutrino properties measurement. To minimize PMT-induced backgrounds, stringent requirements on PMT radioactivity are crucial. A novel 2-inch low-background R12699 PMT has been developed through a collaboration between the PandaX team and Hamamatsu Photonics K.K. corporation. Radioactivity measurements conducted with a high-purity germanium detector show levels of approximately 0.08 mBq/PMT for $\rm^{60}Co$ and 0.06~mBq/PMT for the $\rm^{238}U$ late chain, achieving a 15-fold reduction compared to R11410 PMT used in PandaX-4T. The radon emanation rate is below 3.2 $\rm μ$Bq/PMT (@90\% confidence level), while the surface $\rm^{210}Po$ activity is less than 18.4 $μ$Bq/cm$^2$. The electrical performance of these PMTs at cryogenic temperature was evaluated. With an optimized readout base, the gain was enhanced by 30\%, achieving an average gain of $4.23 \times 10^6$ at -1000~V and -100~$^{\circ}$C. The dark count rate averaged 2.5~Hz per channel. Compactness, low radioactivity, and robust electrical performance in the cryogenic temperature make the R12699 PMT ideal for next-generation liquid xenon detectors and other rare event searches. |
| title | A Novel Low-Background Photomultiplier Tube Developed for Xenon Based Detectors |
| topic | Instrumentation and Detectors High Energy Physics - Experiment |
| url | https://arxiv.org/abs/2412.10830 |