PANORAMIC: Discovery of an Ultra-Massive Grand-Design Spiral Galaxy at $z\sim5.2$

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Main Authors: Xiao, Mengyuan, Williams, Christina C., Oesch, Pascal A., Elbaz, David, Dessauges-Zavadsky, Miroslava, Marques-Chaves, Rui, Bing, Longji, Ji, Zhiyuan, Weibel, Andrea, Bezanson, Rachel, Brammer, Gabriel, Casey, Caitlin, Cloonan, Aidan P., Daddi, Emanuele, Dayal, Pratika, Faisst, Andreas L., Franx, Marijn, Glazebrook, Karl, Hutter, Anne, Kartaltepe, Jeyhan S., Labbe, Ivo, Lagache, Guilaine, Lim, Seunghwan, Magnelli, Benjamin, Martinez, Felix, Maseda, Michael V., Nanayakkara, Themiya, Schaerer, Daniel, Whitaker, Katherine E.
Format: Preprint
Published: 2024
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author Xiao, Mengyuan
Williams, Christina C.
Oesch, Pascal A.
Elbaz, David
Dessauges-Zavadsky, Miroslava
Marques-Chaves, Rui
Bing, Longji
Ji, Zhiyuan
Weibel, Andrea
Bezanson, Rachel
Brammer, Gabriel
Casey, Caitlin
Cloonan, Aidan P.
Daddi, Emanuele
Dayal, Pratika
Faisst, Andreas L.
Franx, Marijn
Glazebrook, Karl
Hutter, Anne
Kartaltepe, Jeyhan S.
Labbe, Ivo
Lagache, Guilaine
Lim, Seunghwan
Magnelli, Benjamin
Martinez, Felix
Maseda, Michael V.
Nanayakkara, Themiya
Schaerer, Daniel
Whitaker, Katherine E.
author_facet Xiao, Mengyuan
Williams, Christina C.
Oesch, Pascal A.
Elbaz, David
Dessauges-Zavadsky, Miroslava
Marques-Chaves, Rui
Bing, Longji
Ji, Zhiyuan
Weibel, Andrea
Bezanson, Rachel
Brammer, Gabriel
Casey, Caitlin
Cloonan, Aidan P.
Daddi, Emanuele
Dayal, Pratika
Faisst, Andreas L.
Franx, Marijn
Glazebrook, Karl
Hutter, Anne
Kartaltepe, Jeyhan S.
Labbe, Ivo
Lagache, Guilaine
Lim, Seunghwan
Magnelli, Benjamin
Martinez, Felix
Maseda, Michael V.
Nanayakkara, Themiya
Schaerer, Daniel
Whitaker, Katherine E.
contents We report the discovery of an ultra-massive grand-design red spiral galaxy, named Zhúlóng (Torch Dragon), at $z_{\rm phot} = 5.2^{+0.3}_{-0.2}$ in the JWST PANORAMIC survey, identified as the most distant bulge+disk galaxy candidate with spiral arms known to date. Zhúlóng displays an extraordinary combination of properties: 1) a classical bulge centered in a large, face-on exponential stellar disk (half-light radius of $R_{\rm e} = 3.7 \pm 0.1 \, \mathrm{kpc}$), with spiral arms extending across 19 kpc; 2) a clear transition from the red, quiescent core ($F150W-F444W=3.1$ mag) with high stellar mass surface density ($\log(ΣM_{\star}/M_{\odot} \, \mathrm{kpc}^{-2}) = 9.91_{-0.09}^{+0.11}$) to the star-forming outer regions, as revealed by spatially resolved SED analysis, which indicates significant inside-out galaxy growth; 3) an extremely high stellar mass at its redshift, with $\log (M_{\star}/M_{\odot})=11.03_{-0.08}^{+0.10}$ comparable to the Milky Way, and an implied baryon-to-star conversion efficiency ($ε\sim 0.3$) that is 1.5 times higher than even the most efficient galaxies at later epochs; 4) despite an active disk, a relatively modest overall star formation rate ($\mathrm{SFR} =66_{-46}^{+89} ~M_{\odot} \, \mathrm{yr}^{-1}$), which is $>$0.5 dex below the star formation main sequence at $z \sim 5.2$ and $>$10 times lower than ultra-massive dusty galaxies at $z=5-6$. Altogether, Zhúlóng shows that mature galaxies emerged much earlier than expected in the first billion years after the Big Bang through rapid galaxy formation and morphological evolution. Our finding offers key constraints for models of massive galaxy formation and the origin of spiral structures in the early universe.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2412_13264
institution arXiv
publishDate 2024
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle PANORAMIC: Discovery of an Ultra-Massive Grand-Design Spiral Galaxy at $z\sim5.2$
Xiao, Mengyuan
Williams, Christina C.
Oesch, Pascal A.
Elbaz, David
Dessauges-Zavadsky, Miroslava
Marques-Chaves, Rui
Bing, Longji
Ji, Zhiyuan
Weibel, Andrea
Bezanson, Rachel
Brammer, Gabriel
Casey, Caitlin
Cloonan, Aidan P.
Daddi, Emanuele
Dayal, Pratika
Faisst, Andreas L.
Franx, Marijn
Glazebrook, Karl
Hutter, Anne
Kartaltepe, Jeyhan S.
Labbe, Ivo
Lagache, Guilaine
Lim, Seunghwan
Magnelli, Benjamin
Martinez, Felix
Maseda, Michael V.
Nanayakkara, Themiya
Schaerer, Daniel
Whitaker, Katherine E.
Astrophysics of Galaxies
We report the discovery of an ultra-massive grand-design red spiral galaxy, named Zhúlóng (Torch Dragon), at $z_{\rm phot} = 5.2^{+0.3}_{-0.2}$ in the JWST PANORAMIC survey, identified as the most distant bulge+disk galaxy candidate with spiral arms known to date. Zhúlóng displays an extraordinary combination of properties: 1) a classical bulge centered in a large, face-on exponential stellar disk (half-light radius of $R_{\rm e} = 3.7 \pm 0.1 \, \mathrm{kpc}$), with spiral arms extending across 19 kpc; 2) a clear transition from the red, quiescent core ($F150W-F444W=3.1$ mag) with high stellar mass surface density ($\log(ΣM_{\star}/M_{\odot} \, \mathrm{kpc}^{-2}) = 9.91_{-0.09}^{+0.11}$) to the star-forming outer regions, as revealed by spatially resolved SED analysis, which indicates significant inside-out galaxy growth; 3) an extremely high stellar mass at its redshift, with $\log (M_{\star}/M_{\odot})=11.03_{-0.08}^{+0.10}$ comparable to the Milky Way, and an implied baryon-to-star conversion efficiency ($ε\sim 0.3$) that is 1.5 times higher than even the most efficient galaxies at later epochs; 4) despite an active disk, a relatively modest overall star formation rate ($\mathrm{SFR} =66_{-46}^{+89} ~M_{\odot} \, \mathrm{yr}^{-1}$), which is $>$0.5 dex below the star formation main sequence at $z \sim 5.2$ and $>$10 times lower than ultra-massive dusty galaxies at $z=5-6$. Altogether, Zhúlóng shows that mature galaxies emerged much earlier than expected in the first billion years after the Big Bang through rapid galaxy formation and morphological evolution. Our finding offers key constraints for models of massive galaxy formation and the origin of spiral structures in the early universe.
title PANORAMIC: Discovery of an Ultra-Massive Grand-Design Spiral Galaxy at $z\sim5.2$
topic Astrophysics of Galaxies
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2412.13264