The Extreme Space Weather Event of 1872 February: Sunspots, Magnetic Disturbance, and Auroral Displays
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| Format: | Preprint |
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2024
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| _version_ | 1866929653743091712 |
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| author | Hayakawa, Hisashi Cliver, Edward W. Clette, Frédéric Ebihara, Yusuke Toriumi, Shin Ermolli, Ilaria Chatzistergos, Theodosios Hattori, Kentaro Knipp, Delores J. Blake, Séan P. Cauzzi, Gianna Reardon, Kevin Bourdin, Philippe-A. Just, Dorothea Vokhmyanin, Mikhail Matsumoto, Keitaro Miyoshi, Yoshizumi Ribeiro, José R. Correia, Ana P. Willis, David M. Wild, Matthew N. Silverman, Sam M. |
| author_facet | Hayakawa, Hisashi Cliver, Edward W. Clette, Frédéric Ebihara, Yusuke Toriumi, Shin Ermolli, Ilaria Chatzistergos, Theodosios Hattori, Kentaro Knipp, Delores J. Blake, Séan P. Cauzzi, Gianna Reardon, Kevin Bourdin, Philippe-A. Just, Dorothea Vokhmyanin, Mikhail Matsumoto, Keitaro Miyoshi, Yoshizumi Ribeiro, José R. Correia, Ana P. Willis, David M. Wild, Matthew N. Silverman, Sam M. |
| contents | We review observations of solar activity, geomagnetic variation, and auroral visibility for the extreme geomagnetic storm on 1872 February 4. The extreme storm (referred to here as the Chapman-Silverman storm) apparently originated from a complex active region of moderate area (\approx 500 μsh) that was favorably situated near disk center (S19° E05°). There is circumstantial evidence for an eruption from this region at 9--10 UT on 1872 February 3, based on the location, complexity, and evolution of the region, and on reports of prominence activations, which yields a plausible transit time of \approx29 hr to Earth. Magnetograms show that the storm began with a sudden commencement at \approx14:27 UT and allow a minimum Dst estimate of £ -834 nT. Overhead aurorae were credibly reported at Jacobabad (British India) and Shanghai (China), both at 19°.9 in magnetic latitude (MLAT) and 24°. 2 in invariant latitude (ILAT). Auroral visibility was reported from 13 locations with MLAT below |20|° for the 1872 storm (ranging from |10°. 0|--|19°. 9| MLAT) versus one each for the 1859 storm (|17°. 3| MLAT) and the 1921 storm (|16.°2| MLAT). The auroral extension and conservative storm intensity indicate a magnetic storm of comparable strength to the extreme storms of 1859 September (25°.1 \pm 0°.5 ILAT and -949 \pm 31 nT) and 1921 May (27°.1 ILAT and -907 \pm 132 nT), which places the 1872 storm among the three largest magnetic storms yet observed. |
| format | Preprint |
| id |
arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2501_00176 |
| institution | arXiv |
| publishDate | 2024 |
| record_format | arxiv |
| spellingShingle | The Extreme Space Weather Event of 1872 February: Sunspots, Magnetic Disturbance, and Auroral Displays Hayakawa, Hisashi Cliver, Edward W. Clette, Frédéric Ebihara, Yusuke Toriumi, Shin Ermolli, Ilaria Chatzistergos, Theodosios Hattori, Kentaro Knipp, Delores J. Blake, Séan P. Cauzzi, Gianna Reardon, Kevin Bourdin, Philippe-A. Just, Dorothea Vokhmyanin, Mikhail Matsumoto, Keitaro Miyoshi, Yoshizumi Ribeiro, José R. Correia, Ana P. Willis, David M. Wild, Matthew N. Silverman, Sam M. Solar and Stellar Astrophysics Earth and Planetary Astrophysics Geophysics Plasma Physics Space Physics We review observations of solar activity, geomagnetic variation, and auroral visibility for the extreme geomagnetic storm on 1872 February 4. The extreme storm (referred to here as the Chapman-Silverman storm) apparently originated from a complex active region of moderate area (\approx 500 μsh) that was favorably situated near disk center (S19° E05°). There is circumstantial evidence for an eruption from this region at 9--10 UT on 1872 February 3, based on the location, complexity, and evolution of the region, and on reports of prominence activations, which yields a plausible transit time of \approx29 hr to Earth. Magnetograms show that the storm began with a sudden commencement at \approx14:27 UT and allow a minimum Dst estimate of £ -834 nT. Overhead aurorae were credibly reported at Jacobabad (British India) and Shanghai (China), both at 19°.9 in magnetic latitude (MLAT) and 24°. 2 in invariant latitude (ILAT). Auroral visibility was reported from 13 locations with MLAT below |20|° for the 1872 storm (ranging from |10°. 0|--|19°. 9| MLAT) versus one each for the 1859 storm (|17°. 3| MLAT) and the 1921 storm (|16.°2| MLAT). The auroral extension and conservative storm intensity indicate a magnetic storm of comparable strength to the extreme storms of 1859 September (25°.1 \pm 0°.5 ILAT and -949 \pm 31 nT) and 1921 May (27°.1 ILAT and -907 \pm 132 nT), which places the 1872 storm among the three largest magnetic storms yet observed. |
| title | The Extreme Space Weather Event of 1872 February: Sunspots, Magnetic Disturbance, and Auroral Displays |
| topic | Solar and Stellar Astrophysics Earth and Planetary Astrophysics Geophysics Plasma Physics Space Physics |
| url | https://arxiv.org/abs/2501.00176 |