Leader Rotation Is Not Enough: Scrutinizing Leadership Democracy of Chained BFT Consensus

Fuente: arXiv
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Auteurs principaux: Tang, Yining, Han, Runchao, Niu, Jianyu, Feng, Chen, Zhang, Yinqian
Format: Preprint
Publié: 2025
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author Tang, Yining
Han, Runchao
Niu, Jianyu
Feng, Chen
Zhang, Yinqian
author_facet Tang, Yining
Han, Runchao
Niu, Jianyu
Feng, Chen
Zhang, Yinqian
contents With the growing popularity of blockchains, modern chained BFT protocols combining chaining and leader rotation to obtain better efficiency and leadership democracy have received increasing interest. Although the efficiency provisions of chained BFT protocols have been thoroughly analyzed, the leadership democracy has received little attention in prior work. In this paper, we scrutinize the leadership democracy of four representative chained BFT protocols, especially under attack. To this end, we propose a unified framework with two evaluation metrics, i.e., chain quality and censorship resilience, and quantitatively analyze chosen protocols through the Markov Decision Process (MDP). With this framework, we further examine the impact of two key components, i.e., voting pattern and leader rotation on leadership democracy. Our results indicate that leader rotation is not enough to provide the leadership democracy guarantee; an adversary could utilize the design, e.g., voting pattern, to deteriorate the leadership democracy significantly. Based on the analysis results, we propose customized countermeasures for three evaluated protocols to improve their leadership democracy with only slight protocol overhead and no change of consensus rules. We also discuss future directions toward building more democratic chained BFT protocols.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2501_02970
institution arXiv
publishDate 2025
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle Leader Rotation Is Not Enough: Scrutinizing Leadership Democracy of Chained BFT Consensus
Tang, Yining
Han, Runchao
Niu, Jianyu
Feng, Chen
Zhang, Yinqian
Cryptography and Security
Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing
With the growing popularity of blockchains, modern chained BFT protocols combining chaining and leader rotation to obtain better efficiency and leadership democracy have received increasing interest. Although the efficiency provisions of chained BFT protocols have been thoroughly analyzed, the leadership democracy has received little attention in prior work. In this paper, we scrutinize the leadership democracy of four representative chained BFT protocols, especially under attack. To this end, we propose a unified framework with two evaluation metrics, i.e., chain quality and censorship resilience, and quantitatively analyze chosen protocols through the Markov Decision Process (MDP). With this framework, we further examine the impact of two key components, i.e., voting pattern and leader rotation on leadership democracy. Our results indicate that leader rotation is not enough to provide the leadership democracy guarantee; an adversary could utilize the design, e.g., voting pattern, to deteriorate the leadership democracy significantly. Based on the analysis results, we propose customized countermeasures for three evaluated protocols to improve their leadership democracy with only slight protocol overhead and no change of consensus rules. We also discuss future directions toward building more democratic chained BFT protocols.
title Leader Rotation Is Not Enough: Scrutinizing Leadership Democracy of Chained BFT Consensus
topic Cryptography and Security
Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2501.02970