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Characterization of Markarian 421 during its most violent year: Multiwavelength variability and correlations

Fuente: arXiv
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Auteurs principaux: Abe, K., Abe, S., Abhir, J., Abhishek, A., Acciari, V. A., Aguasca-Cabot, A., Agudo, I., Aniello, T., Ansoldi, S., Antonelli, L. A., Engels, A. Arbet, Arcaro, C., Asano, K., Baack, D., Babić, A., de Almeida, U. Barres, Barrio, J. A., Batković, I., Bautista, A., Baxter, J., González, J. Becerra, Bednarek, W., Bernardini, E., Bernete, J., Berti, A., Besenrieder, J., Bigongiari, C., Biland, A., Blanch, O., Bonnoli, G., Bošnjak, Ž., Bronzini, E., Burelli, I., Campoy-Ordaz, A., Carosi, R., Carretero-Castrillo, M., Castro-Tirado, A. J., Cerasole, D., Ceribella, G., Chai, Y., Cifuentes, A., Colombo, E., Contreras, J. L., Cortina, J., Covino, S., D'Amico, G., D'Ammando, F., D'Elia, V., Da Vela, P., Dazzi, F., De Angelis, A., De Lotto, B., de Menezes, R., Delfino, M., Delgado, J., Mendez, C. Delgado, Di Pierro, F., Di Tria, R., Di Venere, L., Prester, D. Dominis, Donini, A., Dorner, D., Doro, M., Eisenberger, L., Elsaesser, D., Escudero, J., Fariña, L., Fattorini, A., Foffano, L., Font, L., Fröse, S., Fukami, S., Fukazawa, Y., López, R. J. García, Garczarczyk, M., Gasparyan, S., Gaug, M., Paiva, J. G. Giesbrecht, Giglietto, N., Giordano, F., Gliwny, P., Godinović, N., Gradetzke, T., Grau, R., Green, D., Green, J. G., Günther, P., Hadasch, D., Hahn, A., Hassan, T., Heckmann, L., Llorente, J. Herrera, Hrupec, D., Imazawa, R., Ishio, K., Martínez, I. Jiménez, Jormanainen, J., Kankkunen, S., Kayanoki, T., Kerszberg, D., Kluge, G. W., Kouch, P. M., Kubo, H., Kushida, J., Láinez, M., Lamastra, A., Leone, F., Lindfors, E., Lombardi, S., Longo, F., López-Coto, R., López-Moya, M., López-Oramas, A., Loporchio, S., Lorini, A., Majumdar, P., Makariev, M., Maneva, G., Manganaro, M., Mangano, S., Mannheim, K., Mariotti, M., Martínez, M., Martínez-Chicharro, M., Mas-Aguilar, A., Mazin, D., Menchiari, S., Mender, S., Miceli, D., Miener, T., Miranda, J. M., Mirzoyan, R., González, M. Molero, Molina, E., Mondal, H. A., Moralejo, A., Morcuende, D., Nakamori, T., Nanci, C., Neustroev, V., Nickel, L., Nigro, C., Nikolić, L., Nilsson, K., Nishijima, K., Ekoume, T. Njoh, Noda, K., Nozaki, S., Okumura, A., Otero-Santos, J., Paiano, S., Paneque, D., Paoletti, R., Paredes, J. M., Peresano, M., Persic, M., Pihet, M., Pirola, G., Podobnik, F., Moroni, P. G. Prada, Prandini, E., Principe, G., Rhode, W., Ribó, M., Rico, J., Righi, C., Sahakyan, N., Saito, T., Saturni, F. G., Schmidt, K., Schmuckermaier, F., Schubert, J. L., Schweizer, T., Sciaccaluga, A., Silvestri, G., Sitarek, J., Sobczynska, D., Stamerra, A., Strišković, J., Strom, D., Suda, Y., Tajima, H., Takahashi, M., Takeishi, R., Tavecchio, F., Temnikov, P., Terauchi, K., Terzić, T., Teshima, M., Truzzi, S., Tutone, A., Ubach, S., van Scherpenberg, J., Ventura, S., Verna, G., Viale, I., Vigorito, C. F., Vitale, V., Vovk, I., Walter, R., Wersig, F., Will, M., Yamamoto, T., Jorstad, S. G., Marscher, A. P., Perri, M., Leto, C., Verrecchia, F., Aller, M., Max-Moerbeck, W., Readhead, A. C. S., Lähteenmäki, A., Tornikoski, M., Gurwell, M. A., Wehrle, A. E.
Format: Preprint
Publié: 2025
Sujets:
High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
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_version_ 1866913639234011136
author Abe, K.
Abe, S.
Abhir, J.
Abhishek, A.
Acciari, V. A.
Aguasca-Cabot, A.
Agudo, I.
Aniello, T.
Ansoldi, S.
Antonelli, L. A.
Engels, A. Arbet
Arcaro, C.
Asano, K.
Baack, D.
Babić, A.
de Almeida, U. Barres
Barrio, J. A.
Batković, I.
Bautista, A.
Baxter, J.
González, J. Becerra
Bednarek, W.
Bernardini, E.
Bernete, J.
Berti, A.
Besenrieder, J.
Bigongiari, C.
Biland, A.
Blanch, O.
Bonnoli, G.
Bošnjak, Ž.
Bronzini, E.
Burelli, I.
Campoy-Ordaz, A.
Carosi, R.
Carretero-Castrillo, M.
Castro-Tirado, A. J.
Cerasole, D.
Ceribella, G.
Chai, Y.
Cifuentes, A.
Colombo, E.
Contreras, J. L.
Cortina, J.
Covino, S.
D'Amico, G.
D'Ammando, F.
D'Elia, V.
Da Vela, P.
Dazzi, F.
De Angelis, A.
De Lotto, B.
de Menezes, R.
Delfino, M.
Delgado, J.
Mendez, C. Delgado
Di Pierro, F.
Di Tria, R.
Di Venere, L.
Prester, D. Dominis
Donini, A.
Dorner, D.
Doro, M.
Eisenberger, L.
Elsaesser, D.
Escudero, J.
Fariña, L.
Fattorini, A.
Foffano, L.
Font, L.
Fröse, S.
Fukami, S.
Fukazawa, Y.
López, R. J. García
Garczarczyk, M.
Gasparyan, S.
Gaug, M.
Paiva, J. G. Giesbrecht
Giglietto, N.
Giordano, F.
Gliwny, P.
Godinović, N.
Gradetzke, T.
Grau, R.
Green, D.
Green, J. G.
Günther, P.
Hadasch, D.
Hahn, A.
Hassan, T.
Heckmann, L.
Llorente, J. Herrera
Hrupec, D.
Imazawa, R.
Ishio, K.
Martínez, I. Jiménez
Jormanainen, J.
Kankkunen, S.
Kayanoki, T.
Kerszberg, D.
Kluge, G. W.
Kouch, P. M.
Kubo, H.
Kushida, J.
Láinez, M.
Lamastra, A.
Leone, F.
Lindfors, E.
Lombardi, S.
Longo, F.
López-Coto, R.
López-Moya, M.
López-Oramas, A.
Loporchio, S.
Lorini, A.
Majumdar, P.
Makariev, M.
Maneva, G.
Manganaro, M.
Mangano, S.
Mannheim, K.
Mariotti, M.
Martínez, M.
Martínez-Chicharro, M.
Mas-Aguilar, A.
Mazin, D.
Menchiari, S.
Mender, S.
Miceli, D.
Miener, T.
Miranda, J. M.
Mirzoyan, R.
González, M. Molero
Molina, E.
Mondal, H. A.
Moralejo, A.
Morcuende, D.
Nakamori, T.
Nanci, C.
Neustroev, V.
Nickel, L.
Nigro, C.
Nikolić, L.
Nilsson, K.
Nishijima, K.
Ekoume, T. Njoh
Noda, K.
Nozaki, S.
Okumura, A.
Otero-Santos, J.
Paiano, S.
Paneque, D.
Paoletti, R.
Paredes, J. M.
Peresano, M.
Persic, M.
Pihet, M.
Pirola, G.
Podobnik, F.
Moroni, P. G. Prada
Prandini, E.
Principe, G.
Rhode, W.
Ribó, M.
Rico, J.
Righi, C.
Sahakyan, N.
Saito, T.
Saturni, F. G.
Schmidt, K.
Schmuckermaier, F.
Schubert, J. L.
Schweizer, T.
Sciaccaluga, A.
Silvestri, G.
Sitarek, J.
Sobczynska, D.
Stamerra, A.
Strišković, J.
Strom, D.
Suda, Y.
Tajima, H.
Takahashi, M.
Takeishi, R.
Tavecchio, F.
Temnikov, P.
Terauchi, K.
Terzić, T.
Teshima, M.
Truzzi, S.
Tutone, A.
Ubach, S.
van Scherpenberg, J.
Ventura, S.
Verna, G.
Viale, I.
Vigorito, C. F.
Vitale, V.
Vovk, I.
Walter, R.
Wersig, F.
Will, M.
Yamamoto, T.
Jorstad, S. G.
Marscher, A. P.
Perri, M.
Leto, C.
Verrecchia, F.
Aller, M.
Max-Moerbeck, W.
Readhead, A. C. S.
Lähteenmäki, A.
Tornikoski, M.
Gurwell, M. A.
Wehrle, A. E.
author_facet Abe, K.
Abe, S.
Abhir, J.
Abhishek, A.
Acciari, V. A.
Aguasca-Cabot, A.
Agudo, I.
Aniello, T.
Ansoldi, S.
Antonelli, L. A.
Engels, A. Arbet
Arcaro, C.
Asano, K.
Baack, D.
Babić, A.
de Almeida, U. Barres
Barrio, J. A.
Batković, I.
Bautista, A.
Baxter, J.
González, J. Becerra
Bednarek, W.
Bernardini, E.
Bernete, J.
Berti, A.
Besenrieder, J.
Bigongiari, C.
Biland, A.
Blanch, O.
Bonnoli, G.
Bošnjak, Ž.
Bronzini, E.
Burelli, I.
Campoy-Ordaz, A.
Carosi, R.
Carretero-Castrillo, M.
Castro-Tirado, A. J.
Cerasole, D.
Ceribella, G.
Chai, Y.
Cifuentes, A.
Colombo, E.
Contreras, J. L.
Cortina, J.
Covino, S.
D'Amico, G.
D'Ammando, F.
D'Elia, V.
Da Vela, P.
Dazzi, F.
De Angelis, A.
De Lotto, B.
de Menezes, R.
Delfino, M.
Delgado, J.
Mendez, C. Delgado
Di Pierro, F.
Di Tria, R.
Di Venere, L.
Prester, D. Dominis
Donini, A.
Dorner, D.
Doro, M.
Eisenberger, L.
Elsaesser, D.
Escudero, J.
Fariña, L.
Fattorini, A.
Foffano, L.
Font, L.
Fröse, S.
Fukami, S.
Fukazawa, Y.
López, R. J. García
Garczarczyk, M.
Gasparyan, S.
Gaug, M.
Paiva, J. G. Giesbrecht
Giglietto, N.
Giordano, F.
Gliwny, P.
Godinović, N.
Gradetzke, T.
Grau, R.
Green, D.
Green, J. G.
Günther, P.
Hadasch, D.
Hahn, A.
Hassan, T.
Heckmann, L.
Llorente, J. Herrera
Hrupec, D.
Imazawa, R.
Ishio, K.
Martínez, I. Jiménez
Jormanainen, J.
Kankkunen, S.
Kayanoki, T.
Kerszberg, D.
Kluge, G. W.
Kouch, P. M.
Kubo, H.
Kushida, J.
Láinez, M.
Lamastra, A.
Leone, F.
Lindfors, E.
Lombardi, S.
Longo, F.
López-Coto, R.
López-Moya, M.
López-Oramas, A.
Loporchio, S.
Lorini, A.
Majumdar, P.
Makariev, M.
Maneva, G.
Manganaro, M.
Mangano, S.
Mannheim, K.
Mariotti, M.
Martínez, M.
Martínez-Chicharro, M.
Mas-Aguilar, A.
Mazin, D.
Menchiari, S.
Mender, S.
Miceli, D.
Miener, T.
Miranda, J. M.
Mirzoyan, R.
González, M. Molero
Molina, E.
Mondal, H. A.
Moralejo, A.
Morcuende, D.
Nakamori, T.
Nanci, C.
Neustroev, V.
Nickel, L.
Nigro, C.
Nikolić, L.
Nilsson, K.
Nishijima, K.
Ekoume, T. Njoh
Noda, K.
Nozaki, S.
Okumura, A.
Otero-Santos, J.
Paiano, S.
Paneque, D.
Paoletti, R.
Paredes, J. M.
Peresano, M.
Persic, M.
Pihet, M.
Pirola, G.
Podobnik, F.
Moroni, P. G. Prada
Prandini, E.
Principe, G.
Rhode, W.
Ribó, M.
Rico, J.
Righi, C.
Sahakyan, N.
Saito, T.
Saturni, F. G.
Schmidt, K.
Schmuckermaier, F.
Schubert, J. L.
Schweizer, T.
Sciaccaluga, A.
Silvestri, G.
Sitarek, J.
Sobczynska, D.
Stamerra, A.
Strišković, J.
Strom, D.
Suda, Y.
Tajima, H.
Takahashi, M.
Takeishi, R.
Tavecchio, F.
Temnikov, P.
Terauchi, K.
Terzić, T.
Teshima, M.
Truzzi, S.
Tutone, A.
Ubach, S.
van Scherpenberg, J.
Ventura, S.
Verna, G.
Viale, I.
Vigorito, C. F.
Vitale, V.
Vovk, I.
Walter, R.
Wersig, F.
Will, M.
Yamamoto, T.
Jorstad, S. G.
Marscher, A. P.
Perri, M.
Leto, C.
Verrecchia, F.
Aller, M.
Max-Moerbeck, W.
Readhead, A. C. S.
Lähteenmäki, A.
Tornikoski, M.
Gurwell, M. A.
Wehrle, A. E.
contents Mrk 421 was in its most active state around early 2010, which led to the highest TeV gamma-ray flux ever recorded from any active galactic nuclei. We aim to characterize the multiwavelength behavior during this exceptional year for Mrk 421, and evaluate whether it is consistent with the picture derived with data from other less exceptional years. We investigated the period from November 5, 2009, (MJD 55140) until July 3, 2010, (MJD 55380) with extensive coverage from very-high-energy (VHE; E$\,>\,$100$\,$GeV) gamma rays to radio with MAGIC, VERITAS, Fermi-LAT, RXTE, Swift, GASP-WEBT, VLBA, and a variety of additional optical and radio telescopes. We investigated the variability and correlation behavior among different energy bands in great detail. We find the strongest variability in X-rays and VHE gamma rays, and PSDs compatible with power-law functions. We observe strong correlations between X-rays and VHE gamma rays. We also report a marginally significant positive correlation between high-energy (HE; E$\,>\,$100$\,$MeV) gamma rays and the ultraviolet band. We detected marginally significant correlations between the HE and VHE gamma rays, and between HE gamma rays and the X-ray, that disappear when the large flare in February 2010 is excluded from the correlation study. The activity of Mrk 421 also yielded the first ejection of features in the VLBA images of the jet of Mrk 421. Yet the large uncertainties in the ejection times of these radio features prevent us from firmly associating them to the specific flares recorded during the campaign. We also show that the collected multi-instrument data are consistent with a scenario where the emission is dominated by two regions, a compact and extended zone, which could be considered as a simplified implementation of an energy-stratified jet as suggested by recent IXPE observations.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2501_03831
institution arXiv
publishDate 2025
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle Characterization of Markarian 421 during its most violent year: Multiwavelength variability and correlations
Abe, K.
Abe, S.
Abhir, J.
Abhishek, A.
Acciari, V. A.
Aguasca-Cabot, A.
Agudo, I.
Aniello, T.
Ansoldi, S.
Antonelli, L. A.
Engels, A. Arbet
Arcaro, C.
Asano, K.
Baack, D.
Babić, A.
de Almeida, U. Barres
Barrio, J. A.
Batković, I.
Bautista, A.
Baxter, J.
González, J. Becerra
Bednarek, W.
Bernardini, E.
Bernete, J.
Berti, A.
Besenrieder, J.
Bigongiari, C.
Biland, A.
Blanch, O.
Bonnoli, G.
Bošnjak, Ž.
Bronzini, E.
Burelli, I.
Campoy-Ordaz, A.
Carosi, R.
Carretero-Castrillo, M.
Castro-Tirado, A. J.
Cerasole, D.
Ceribella, G.
Chai, Y.
Cifuentes, A.
Colombo, E.
Contreras, J. L.
Cortina, J.
Covino, S.
D'Amico, G.
D'Ammando, F.
D'Elia, V.
Da Vela, P.
Dazzi, F.
De Angelis, A.
De Lotto, B.
de Menezes, R.
Delfino, M.
Delgado, J.
Mendez, C. Delgado
Di Pierro, F.
Di Tria, R.
Di Venere, L.
Prester, D. Dominis
Donini, A.
Dorner, D.
Doro, M.
Eisenberger, L.
Elsaesser, D.
Escudero, J.
Fariña, L.
Fattorini, A.
Foffano, L.
Font, L.
Fröse, S.
Fukami, S.
Fukazawa, Y.
López, R. J. García
Garczarczyk, M.
Gasparyan, S.
Gaug, M.
Paiva, J. G. Giesbrecht
Giglietto, N.
Giordano, F.
Gliwny, P.
Godinović, N.
Gradetzke, T.
Grau, R.
Green, D.
Green, J. G.
Günther, P.
Hadasch, D.
Hahn, A.
Hassan, T.
Heckmann, L.
Llorente, J. Herrera
Hrupec, D.
Imazawa, R.
Ishio, K.
Martínez, I. Jiménez
Jormanainen, J.
Kankkunen, S.
Kayanoki, T.
Kerszberg, D.
Kluge, G. W.
Kouch, P. M.
Kubo, H.
Kushida, J.
Láinez, M.
Lamastra, A.
Leone, F.
Lindfors, E.
Lombardi, S.
Longo, F.
López-Coto, R.
López-Moya, M.
López-Oramas, A.
Loporchio, S.
Lorini, A.
Majumdar, P.
Makariev, M.
Maneva, G.
Manganaro, M.
Mangano, S.
Mannheim, K.
Mariotti, M.
Martínez, M.
Martínez-Chicharro, M.
Mas-Aguilar, A.
Mazin, D.
Menchiari, S.
Mender, S.
Miceli, D.
Miener, T.
Miranda, J. M.
Mirzoyan, R.
González, M. Molero
Molina, E.
Mondal, H. A.
Moralejo, A.
Morcuende, D.
Nakamori, T.
Nanci, C.
Neustroev, V.
Nickel, L.
Nigro, C.
Nikolić, L.
Nilsson, K.
Nishijima, K.
Ekoume, T. Njoh
Noda, K.
Nozaki, S.
Okumura, A.
Otero-Santos, J.
Paiano, S.
Paneque, D.
Paoletti, R.
Paredes, J. M.
Peresano, M.
Persic, M.
Pihet, M.
Pirola, G.
Podobnik, F.
Moroni, P. G. Prada
Prandini, E.
Principe, G.
Rhode, W.
Ribó, M.
Rico, J.
Righi, C.
Sahakyan, N.
Saito, T.
Saturni, F. G.
Schmidt, K.
Schmuckermaier, F.
Schubert, J. L.
Schweizer, T.
Sciaccaluga, A.
Silvestri, G.
Sitarek, J.
Sobczynska, D.
Stamerra, A.
Strišković, J.
Strom, D.
Suda, Y.
Tajima, H.
Takahashi, M.
Takeishi, R.
Tavecchio, F.
Temnikov, P.
Terauchi, K.
Terzić, T.
Teshima, M.
Truzzi, S.
Tutone, A.
Ubach, S.
van Scherpenberg, J.
Ventura, S.
Verna, G.
Viale, I.
Vigorito, C. F.
Vitale, V.
Vovk, I.
Walter, R.
Wersig, F.
Will, M.
Yamamoto, T.
Jorstad, S. G.
Marscher, A. P.
Perri, M.
Leto, C.
Verrecchia, F.
Aller, M.
Max-Moerbeck, W.
Readhead, A. C. S.
Lähteenmäki, A.
Tornikoski, M.
Gurwell, M. A.
Wehrle, A. E.
High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
Mrk 421 was in its most active state around early 2010, which led to the highest TeV gamma-ray flux ever recorded from any active galactic nuclei. We aim to characterize the multiwavelength behavior during this exceptional year for Mrk 421, and evaluate whether it is consistent with the picture derived with data from other less exceptional years. We investigated the period from November 5, 2009, (MJD 55140) until July 3, 2010, (MJD 55380) with extensive coverage from very-high-energy (VHE; E$\,>\,$100$\,$GeV) gamma rays to radio with MAGIC, VERITAS, Fermi-LAT, RXTE, Swift, GASP-WEBT, VLBA, and a variety of additional optical and radio telescopes. We investigated the variability and correlation behavior among different energy bands in great detail. We find the strongest variability in X-rays and VHE gamma rays, and PSDs compatible with power-law functions. We observe strong correlations between X-rays and VHE gamma rays. We also report a marginally significant positive correlation between high-energy (HE; E$\,>\,$100$\,$MeV) gamma rays and the ultraviolet band. We detected marginally significant correlations between the HE and VHE gamma rays, and between HE gamma rays and the X-ray, that disappear when the large flare in February 2010 is excluded from the correlation study. The activity of Mrk 421 also yielded the first ejection of features in the VLBA images of the jet of Mrk 421. Yet the large uncertainties in the ejection times of these radio features prevent us from firmly associating them to the specific flares recorded during the campaign. We also show that the collected multi-instrument data are consistent with a scenario where the emission is dominated by two regions, a compact and extended zone, which could be considered as a simplified implementation of an energy-stratified jet as suggested by recent IXPE observations.
title Characterization of Markarian 421 during its most violent year: Multiwavelength variability and correlations
topic High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2501.03831

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