A multi-frequency study of sub-parsec jets with the Event Horizon Telescope
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arXiv
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| Format: | Preprint |
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2025
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| author | Röder, Jan Wielgus, Maciek Lobanov, Andrei P. Krichbaum, Thomas P. Nair, Dhanya G. Lee, Sang-Sung Ros, Eduardo Fish, Vincent L. Blackburn, Lindy Chan, Chi-kwan Issaoun, Sara Janssen, Michael Johnson, Michael D. Doeleman, Sheperd S. Bower, Geoffrey C. Crew, Geoffrey B. Tilanus, Remo P. J. Savolainen, Tuomas Impellizzeri, C. M. Violette Alberdi, Antxon Baczko, Anne-Kathrin Gómez, José L. Lu, Ru-Sen Paraschos, Georgios F. Traianou, Efthalia Goddi, Ciriaco Kim, Daewon Lisakov, Mikhail Kovalev, Yuri Y. Voitsik, Petr A. Sokolovsky, Kirill V. Akiyama, Kazunori Albentosa-Ruíz, Ezequiel Alef, Walter Algaba, Juan Carlos Anantua, Richard Asada, Keiichi Azulay, Rebecca Bach, Uwe Ball, David Baloković, Mislav Bandyopadhyay, Bidisha Barrett, John Bauböck, Michi Benson, Bradford A. Bintley, Dan Blundell, Raymond Bouman, Katherine L. Bremer, Michael Brinkerink, Christiaan D. Brissenden, Roger Britzen, Silke Broderick, Avery E. Broguiere, Dominique Bronzwaer, Thomas Bustamante, Sandra Byun, Do-Young Carlstrom, John E. Ceccobello, Chiara Chael, Andrew Chang, Dominic O. Chatterjee, Koushik Chatterjee, Shami Chen, Ming-Tang Chen, Yongjun Cheng, Xiaopeng Cho, Ilje Christian, Pierre Conroy, Nicholas S. Conway, John E. Cordes, James M. Crawford, Thomas M. Cruz-Osorio, Alejandro Cui, Yuzhu Curd, Brandon Dahale, Rohan Davelaar, Jordy De Laurentis, Mariafelicia Deane, Roger Dempsey, Jessica Desvignes, Gregory Dexter, Jason Dhruv, Vedant Dihingia, Indu K. Dougall, Sean Taylor Dzib, Sergio A. Eatough, Ralph P. Emami, Razieh Falcke, Heino Farah, Joseph Fomalont, Edward Ford, H. Alyson Foschi, Marianna Fraga-Encinas, Raquel Freeman, William T. Friberg, Per Fromm, Christian M. Fuentes, Antonio Galison, Peter Gammie, Charles F. García, Roberto Gentaz, Olivier Georgiev, Boris Gold, Roman Gómez-Ruiz, Arturo I. Gu, Minfeng Gurwell, Mark Hada, Kazuhiro Haggard, Daryl Haworth, Kari Hecht, Michael H. Hesper, Ronald Heumann, Dirk Ho, Luis C. Ho, Paul Honma, Mareki Huang, Chih-Wei L. Huang, Lei Hughes, David H. Ikeda, Shiro Inoue, Makoto James, David J. Jannuzi, Buell T. Jeter, Britton Jiang, Wu Jiménez-Rosales, Alejandra Jorstad, Svetlana Joshi, Abhishek V. Jung, Taehyun Karami, Mansour Karuppusamy, Ramesh Kawashima, Tomohisa Keating, Garrett K. Kettenis, Mark Kim, Dong-Jin Kim, Jae-Young Kim, Jongsoo Kim, Junhan Kino, Motoki Koay, Jun Yi Kocherlakota, Prashant Kofuji, Yutaro Koyama, Shoko Kramer, Carsten Kramer, Joana A. Kramer, Michael Kuo, Cheng-Yu La Bella, Noemi Lauer, Tod R. Lee, Daeyoung Leung, Po Kin Levis, Aviad Li, Zhiyuan Lico, Rocco Lindahl, Greg Lindqvist, Michael Liu, Jun Liu, Kuo Liuzzo, Elisabetta Lo, Wen-Ping Loinard, Laurent Lonsdale, Colin J. Lowitz, Amy E. MacDonald, Nicholas R. Mao, Jirong Marchili, Nicola Markoff, Sera Marrone, Daniel P. Marscher, Alan P. Martí-Vidal, Iván Matsushita, Satoki Matthews, Lynn D. Medeiros, Lia Menten, Karl M. Michalik, Daniel Mizuno, Izumi Mizuno, Yosuke Moran, James M. Moriyama, Kotaro Moscibrodzka, Monika Mulaudzi, Wanga Müller, Cornelia Müller, Hendrik Mus, Alejandro Musoke, Gibwa Myserlis, Ioannis Nadolski, Andrew Nagai, Hiroshi Nagar, Neil M. Nakamura, Masanori Narayanan, Gopal Natarajan, Iniyan Nathanail, Antonios Fuentes, Santiago Navarro Neilsen, Joey Neri, Roberto Ni, Chunchong Noutsos, Aristeidis Nowak, Michael A. Oh, Junghwan Okino, Hiroki Sánchez, Héctor R. Olivares Ortiz-León, Gisela N. Oyama, Tomoaki özel, Feryal Palumbo, Daniel C. M. Park, Jongho Parsons, Harriet Patel, Nimesh Pen, Ue-Li Pesce, Dominic W. Piétu, Vincent Plambeck, Richard PopStefanija, Aleksandar Porth, Oliver Pötzl, Felix M. Prather, Ben Preciado-López, Jorge A. Principe, Giacomo Psaltis, Dimitrios Pu, Hung-Yi Ramakrishnan, Venkatessh Rao, Ramprasad Rawlings, Mark G. Ricarte, Angelo Ripperda, Bart Roelofs, Freek Rogers, Alan Romero-Cañizales, Cristina Roshanineshat, Arash Rottmann, Helge Roy, Alan L. Ruiz, Ignacio Ruszczyk, Chet Rygl, Kazi L. J. Sánchez, Salvador Sánchez-Argüelles, David Sánchez-Portal, Miguel Sasada, Mahito Satapathy, Kaushik Schloerb, F. Peter Schonfeld, Jonathan Schuster, Karl-Friedrich Shao, Lijing Shen, Zhiqiang Small, Des Sohn, Bong Won SooHoo, Jason Salas, León David Sosapanta Souccar, Kamal Stanway, Joshua S. Sun, He Tazaki, Fumie Tetarenko, Alexandra J. Tiede, Paul Titus, Michael Torne, Pablo Toscano, Teresa Trent, Tyler Trippe, Sascha Turk, Matthew van Bemmel, Ilse van Langevelde, Huib J. van Rossum, Daniel R. Vos, Jesse Wagner, Jan Ward-Thompson, Derek Wardle, John Washington, Jasmin E. Weintroub, Jonathan Wharton, Robert Wiik, Kaj Witzel, Gunther Wondrak, Michael F. Wong, George N. Wu, Qingwen Yadlapalli, Nitika Yamaguchi, Paul Yfantis, Aristomenis Yoon, Doosoo Young, André Young, Ken Younsi, Ziri Yu, Wei Yuan, Feng Yuan, Ye-Fei Zensus, J. Anton Zhang, Shuo Zhao, Guang-Yao Zhao, Shan-Shan |
| author_facet | Röder, Jan Wielgus, Maciek Lobanov, Andrei P. Krichbaum, Thomas P. Nair, Dhanya G. Lee, Sang-Sung Ros, Eduardo Fish, Vincent L. Blackburn, Lindy Chan, Chi-kwan Issaoun, Sara Janssen, Michael Johnson, Michael D. Doeleman, Sheperd S. Bower, Geoffrey C. Crew, Geoffrey B. Tilanus, Remo P. J. Savolainen, Tuomas Impellizzeri, C. M. Violette Alberdi, Antxon Baczko, Anne-Kathrin Gómez, José L. Lu, Ru-Sen Paraschos, Georgios F. Traianou, Efthalia Goddi, Ciriaco Kim, Daewon Lisakov, Mikhail Kovalev, Yuri Y. Voitsik, Petr A. Sokolovsky, Kirill V. Akiyama, Kazunori Albentosa-Ruíz, Ezequiel Alef, Walter Algaba, Juan Carlos Anantua, Richard Asada, Keiichi Azulay, Rebecca Bach, Uwe Ball, David Baloković, Mislav Bandyopadhyay, Bidisha Barrett, John Bauböck, Michi Benson, Bradford A. Bintley, Dan Blundell, Raymond Bouman, Katherine L. Bremer, Michael Brinkerink, Christiaan D. Brissenden, Roger Britzen, Silke Broderick, Avery E. Broguiere, Dominique Bronzwaer, Thomas Bustamante, Sandra Byun, Do-Young Carlstrom, John E. Ceccobello, Chiara Chael, Andrew Chang, Dominic O. Chatterjee, Koushik Chatterjee, Shami Chen, Ming-Tang Chen, Yongjun Cheng, Xiaopeng Cho, Ilje Christian, Pierre Conroy, Nicholas S. Conway, John E. Cordes, James M. Crawford, Thomas M. Cruz-Osorio, Alejandro Cui, Yuzhu Curd, Brandon Dahale, Rohan Davelaar, Jordy De Laurentis, Mariafelicia Deane, Roger Dempsey, Jessica Desvignes, Gregory Dexter, Jason Dhruv, Vedant Dihingia, Indu K. Dougall, Sean Taylor Dzib, Sergio A. Eatough, Ralph P. Emami, Razieh Falcke, Heino Farah, Joseph Fomalont, Edward Ford, H. Alyson Foschi, Marianna Fraga-Encinas, Raquel Freeman, William T. Friberg, Per Fromm, Christian M. Fuentes, Antonio Galison, Peter Gammie, Charles F. García, Roberto Gentaz, Olivier Georgiev, Boris Gold, Roman Gómez-Ruiz, Arturo I. Gu, Minfeng Gurwell, Mark Hada, Kazuhiro Haggard, Daryl Haworth, Kari Hecht, Michael H. Hesper, Ronald Heumann, Dirk Ho, Luis C. Ho, Paul Honma, Mareki Huang, Chih-Wei L. Huang, Lei Hughes, David H. Ikeda, Shiro Inoue, Makoto James, David J. Jannuzi, Buell T. Jeter, Britton Jiang, Wu Jiménez-Rosales, Alejandra Jorstad, Svetlana Joshi, Abhishek V. Jung, Taehyun Karami, Mansour Karuppusamy, Ramesh Kawashima, Tomohisa Keating, Garrett K. Kettenis, Mark Kim, Dong-Jin Kim, Jae-Young Kim, Jongsoo Kim, Junhan Kino, Motoki Koay, Jun Yi Kocherlakota, Prashant Kofuji, Yutaro Koyama, Shoko Kramer, Carsten Kramer, Joana A. Kramer, Michael Kuo, Cheng-Yu La Bella, Noemi Lauer, Tod R. Lee, Daeyoung Leung, Po Kin Levis, Aviad Li, Zhiyuan Lico, Rocco Lindahl, Greg Lindqvist, Michael Liu, Jun Liu, Kuo Liuzzo, Elisabetta Lo, Wen-Ping Loinard, Laurent Lonsdale, Colin J. Lowitz, Amy E. MacDonald, Nicholas R. Mao, Jirong Marchili, Nicola Markoff, Sera Marrone, Daniel P. Marscher, Alan P. Martí-Vidal, Iván Matsushita, Satoki Matthews, Lynn D. Medeiros, Lia Menten, Karl M. Michalik, Daniel Mizuno, Izumi Mizuno, Yosuke Moran, James M. Moriyama, Kotaro Moscibrodzka, Monika Mulaudzi, Wanga Müller, Cornelia Müller, Hendrik Mus, Alejandro Musoke, Gibwa Myserlis, Ioannis Nadolski, Andrew Nagai, Hiroshi Nagar, Neil M. Nakamura, Masanori Narayanan, Gopal Natarajan, Iniyan Nathanail, Antonios Fuentes, Santiago Navarro Neilsen, Joey Neri, Roberto Ni, Chunchong Noutsos, Aristeidis Nowak, Michael A. Oh, Junghwan Okino, Hiroki Sánchez, Héctor R. Olivares Ortiz-León, Gisela N. Oyama, Tomoaki özel, Feryal Palumbo, Daniel C. M. Park, Jongho Parsons, Harriet Patel, Nimesh Pen, Ue-Li Pesce, Dominic W. Piétu, Vincent Plambeck, Richard PopStefanija, Aleksandar Porth, Oliver Pötzl, Felix M. Prather, Ben Preciado-López, Jorge A. Principe, Giacomo Psaltis, Dimitrios Pu, Hung-Yi Ramakrishnan, Venkatessh Rao, Ramprasad Rawlings, Mark G. Ricarte, Angelo Ripperda, Bart Roelofs, Freek Rogers, Alan Romero-Cañizales, Cristina Roshanineshat, Arash Rottmann, Helge Roy, Alan L. Ruiz, Ignacio Ruszczyk, Chet Rygl, Kazi L. J. Sánchez, Salvador Sánchez-Argüelles, David Sánchez-Portal, Miguel Sasada, Mahito Satapathy, Kaushik Schloerb, F. Peter Schonfeld, Jonathan Schuster, Karl-Friedrich Shao, Lijing Shen, Zhiqiang Small, Des Sohn, Bong Won SooHoo, Jason Salas, León David Sosapanta Souccar, Kamal Stanway, Joshua S. Sun, He Tazaki, Fumie Tetarenko, Alexandra J. Tiede, Paul Titus, Michael Torne, Pablo Toscano, Teresa Trent, Tyler Trippe, Sascha Turk, Matthew van Bemmel, Ilse van Langevelde, Huib J. van Rossum, Daniel R. Vos, Jesse Wagner, Jan Ward-Thompson, Derek Wardle, John Washington, Jasmin E. Weintroub, Jonathan Wharton, Robert Wiik, Kaj Witzel, Gunther Wondrak, Michael F. Wong, George N. Wu, Qingwen Yadlapalli, Nitika Yamaguchi, Paul Yfantis, Aristomenis Yoon, Doosoo Young, André Young, Ken Younsi, Ziri Yu, Wei Yuan, Feng Yuan, Ye-Fei Zensus, J. Anton Zhang, Shuo Zhao, Guang-Yao Zhao, Shan-Shan |
| contents | The 2017 observing campaign of the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) delivered the first very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) images at the observing frequency of 230 GHz, leading to a number of unique studies on black holes and relativistic jets from active galactic nuclei (AGN). In total, eighteen sources were observed: the main science targets, Sgr A* and M87 along with various calibrators. We investigated the morphology of the sixteen AGN in the EHT 2017 data set, focusing on the properties of the VLBI cores: size, flux density, and brightness temperature. We studied their dependence on the observing frequency in order to compare it with the Blandford-Königl (BK) jet model. We modeled the source structure of seven AGN in the EHT 2017 data set using linearly polarized circular Gaussian components and collected results for the other nine AGN from dedicated EHT publications, complemented by lower frequency data in the 2-86 GHz range. Then, we studied the dependences of the VLBI core flux density, size, and brightness temperature on the frequency measured in the AGN host frame. We compared the observations with the BK jet model and estimated the magnetic field strength dependence on the distance from the central black hole. Our results indicate a deviation from the standard BK model, particularly in the decrease of the brightness temperature with the observing frequency. Either bulk acceleration of the jet material, energy transfer from the magnetic field to the particles, or both are required to explain the observations. |
| format | Preprint |
| id |
arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2501_05518 |
| institution | arXiv |
| publishDate | 2025 |
| record_format | arxiv |
| spellingShingle | A multi-frequency study of sub-parsec jets with the Event Horizon Telescope Röder, Jan Wielgus, Maciek Lobanov, Andrei P. Krichbaum, Thomas P. Nair, Dhanya G. Lee, Sang-Sung Ros, Eduardo Fish, Vincent L. Blackburn, Lindy Chan, Chi-kwan Issaoun, Sara Janssen, Michael Johnson, Michael D. Doeleman, Sheperd S. Bower, Geoffrey C. Crew, Geoffrey B. Tilanus, Remo P. J. Savolainen, Tuomas Impellizzeri, C. M. Violette Alberdi, Antxon Baczko, Anne-Kathrin Gómez, José L. Lu, Ru-Sen Paraschos, Georgios F. Traianou, Efthalia Goddi, Ciriaco Kim, Daewon Lisakov, Mikhail Kovalev, Yuri Y. Voitsik, Petr A. Sokolovsky, Kirill V. Akiyama, Kazunori Albentosa-Ruíz, Ezequiel Alef, Walter Algaba, Juan Carlos Anantua, Richard Asada, Keiichi Azulay, Rebecca Bach, Uwe Ball, David Baloković, Mislav Bandyopadhyay, Bidisha Barrett, John Bauböck, Michi Benson, Bradford A. Bintley, Dan Blundell, Raymond Bouman, Katherine L. Bremer, Michael Brinkerink, Christiaan D. Brissenden, Roger Britzen, Silke Broderick, Avery E. Broguiere, Dominique Bronzwaer, Thomas Bustamante, Sandra Byun, Do-Young Carlstrom, John E. Ceccobello, Chiara Chael, Andrew Chang, Dominic O. Chatterjee, Koushik Chatterjee, Shami Chen, Ming-Tang Chen, Yongjun Cheng, Xiaopeng Cho, Ilje Christian, Pierre Conroy, Nicholas S. Conway, John E. Cordes, James M. Crawford, Thomas M. Cruz-Osorio, Alejandro Cui, Yuzhu Curd, Brandon Dahale, Rohan Davelaar, Jordy De Laurentis, Mariafelicia Deane, Roger Dempsey, Jessica Desvignes, Gregory Dexter, Jason Dhruv, Vedant Dihingia, Indu K. Dougall, Sean Taylor Dzib, Sergio A. Eatough, Ralph P. Emami, Razieh Falcke, Heino Farah, Joseph Fomalont, Edward Ford, H. Alyson Foschi, Marianna Fraga-Encinas, Raquel Freeman, William T. Friberg, Per Fromm, Christian M. Fuentes, Antonio Galison, Peter Gammie, Charles F. García, Roberto Gentaz, Olivier Georgiev, Boris Gold, Roman Gómez-Ruiz, Arturo I. Gu, Minfeng Gurwell, Mark Hada, Kazuhiro Haggard, Daryl Haworth, Kari Hecht, Michael H. Hesper, Ronald Heumann, Dirk Ho, Luis C. Ho, Paul Honma, Mareki Huang, Chih-Wei L. Huang, Lei Hughes, David H. Ikeda, Shiro Inoue, Makoto James, David J. Jannuzi, Buell T. Jeter, Britton Jiang, Wu Jiménez-Rosales, Alejandra Jorstad, Svetlana Joshi, Abhishek V. Jung, Taehyun Karami, Mansour Karuppusamy, Ramesh Kawashima, Tomohisa Keating, Garrett K. Kettenis, Mark Kim, Dong-Jin Kim, Jae-Young Kim, Jongsoo Kim, Junhan Kino, Motoki Koay, Jun Yi Kocherlakota, Prashant Kofuji, Yutaro Koyama, Shoko Kramer, Carsten Kramer, Joana A. Kramer, Michael Kuo, Cheng-Yu La Bella, Noemi Lauer, Tod R. Lee, Daeyoung Leung, Po Kin Levis, Aviad Li, Zhiyuan Lico, Rocco Lindahl, Greg Lindqvist, Michael Liu, Jun Liu, Kuo Liuzzo, Elisabetta Lo, Wen-Ping Loinard, Laurent Lonsdale, Colin J. Lowitz, Amy E. MacDonald, Nicholas R. Mao, Jirong Marchili, Nicola Markoff, Sera Marrone, Daniel P. Marscher, Alan P. Martí-Vidal, Iván Matsushita, Satoki Matthews, Lynn D. Medeiros, Lia Menten, Karl M. Michalik, Daniel Mizuno, Izumi Mizuno, Yosuke Moran, James M. Moriyama, Kotaro Moscibrodzka, Monika Mulaudzi, Wanga Müller, Cornelia Müller, Hendrik Mus, Alejandro Musoke, Gibwa Myserlis, Ioannis Nadolski, Andrew Nagai, Hiroshi Nagar, Neil M. Nakamura, Masanori Narayanan, Gopal Natarajan, Iniyan Nathanail, Antonios Fuentes, Santiago Navarro Neilsen, Joey Neri, Roberto Ni, Chunchong Noutsos, Aristeidis Nowak, Michael A. Oh, Junghwan Okino, Hiroki Sánchez, Héctor R. Olivares Ortiz-León, Gisela N. Oyama, Tomoaki özel, Feryal Palumbo, Daniel C. M. Park, Jongho Parsons, Harriet Patel, Nimesh Pen, Ue-Li Pesce, Dominic W. Piétu, Vincent Plambeck, Richard PopStefanija, Aleksandar Porth, Oliver Pötzl, Felix M. Prather, Ben Preciado-López, Jorge A. Principe, Giacomo Psaltis, Dimitrios Pu, Hung-Yi Ramakrishnan, Venkatessh Rao, Ramprasad Rawlings, Mark G. Ricarte, Angelo Ripperda, Bart Roelofs, Freek Rogers, Alan Romero-Cañizales, Cristina Roshanineshat, Arash Rottmann, Helge Roy, Alan L. Ruiz, Ignacio Ruszczyk, Chet Rygl, Kazi L. J. Sánchez, Salvador Sánchez-Argüelles, David Sánchez-Portal, Miguel Sasada, Mahito Satapathy, Kaushik Schloerb, F. Peter Schonfeld, Jonathan Schuster, Karl-Friedrich Shao, Lijing Shen, Zhiqiang Small, Des Sohn, Bong Won SooHoo, Jason Salas, León David Sosapanta Souccar, Kamal Stanway, Joshua S. Sun, He Tazaki, Fumie Tetarenko, Alexandra J. Tiede, Paul Titus, Michael Torne, Pablo Toscano, Teresa Trent, Tyler Trippe, Sascha Turk, Matthew van Bemmel, Ilse van Langevelde, Huib J. van Rossum, Daniel R. Vos, Jesse Wagner, Jan Ward-Thompson, Derek Wardle, John Washington, Jasmin E. Weintroub, Jonathan Wharton, Robert Wiik, Kaj Witzel, Gunther Wondrak, Michael F. Wong, George N. Wu, Qingwen Yadlapalli, Nitika Yamaguchi, Paul Yfantis, Aristomenis Yoon, Doosoo Young, André Young, Ken Younsi, Ziri Yu, Wei Yuan, Feng Yuan, Ye-Fei Zensus, J. Anton Zhang, Shuo Zhao, Guang-Yao Zhao, Shan-Shan High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena Astrophysics of Galaxies Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics The 2017 observing campaign of the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) delivered the first very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) images at the observing frequency of 230 GHz, leading to a number of unique studies on black holes and relativistic jets from active galactic nuclei (AGN). In total, eighteen sources were observed: the main science targets, Sgr A* and M87 along with various calibrators. We investigated the morphology of the sixteen AGN in the EHT 2017 data set, focusing on the properties of the VLBI cores: size, flux density, and brightness temperature. We studied their dependence on the observing frequency in order to compare it with the Blandford-Königl (BK) jet model. We modeled the source structure of seven AGN in the EHT 2017 data set using linearly polarized circular Gaussian components and collected results for the other nine AGN from dedicated EHT publications, complemented by lower frequency data in the 2-86 GHz range. Then, we studied the dependences of the VLBI core flux density, size, and brightness temperature on the frequency measured in the AGN host frame. We compared the observations with the BK jet model and estimated the magnetic field strength dependence on the distance from the central black hole. Our results indicate a deviation from the standard BK model, particularly in the decrease of the brightness temperature with the observing frequency. Either bulk acceleration of the jet material, energy transfer from the magnetic field to the particles, or both are required to explain the observations. |
| title | A multi-frequency study of sub-parsec jets with the Event Horizon Telescope |
| topic | High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena Astrophysics of Galaxies Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics |
| url | https://arxiv.org/abs/2501.05518 |