Census of Ly$α$ Emission from $\sim 600$ Galaxies at $z=5-14$: Evolution of the Ly$α$ Luminosity Function and a Late Sharp Cosmic Reionization

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Main Authors: Kageura, Yuta, Ouchi, Masami, Nakane, Minami, Umeda, Hiroya, Harikane, Yuichi, Yoshiura, Shintaro, Nakajima, Kimihiko, Yajima, Hidenobu, Thai, Tran Thi
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Published: 2025
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author Kageura, Yuta
Ouchi, Masami
Nakane, Minami
Umeda, Hiroya
Harikane, Yuichi
Yoshiura, Shintaro
Nakajima, Kimihiko
Yajima, Hidenobu
Thai, Tran Thi
author_facet Kageura, Yuta
Ouchi, Masami
Nakane, Minami
Umeda, Hiroya
Harikane, Yuichi
Yoshiura, Shintaro
Nakajima, Kimihiko
Yajima, Hidenobu
Thai, Tran Thi
contents We present the statistical properties of Ly$α$ emission in 586 galaxies at $z=4.5-14.2$, observed by multiple JWST/NIRSpec spectroscopy projects, including JADES, GLASS, CEERS, and GO/DDT programs. We obtain Ly$α$ equivalent width (EW), Ly$α$ escape fraction, and ionizing photon production efficiency measurements or upper limits for these galaxies, and confirm that the Ly$α$ emitting galaxy fraction decreases towards higher redshifts. We derive Ly$α$ luminosity functions from $z\sim 5$ to $z\sim 10-14$ with the observed Ly$α$ EW distributions and galaxy UV luminosity functions, and find a $\sim3$ dex decrease in number density at $L_\mathrm{Lyα}=10^{42}-10^{43}$ erg s$^{-1}$ over the redshift range. Notably, this study presents the first constraints on the Ly$α$ luminosity function at $z\sim 8-14$. We obtain the neutral hydrogen fractions of $x_\mathrm{HI}=0.17_{-0.16}^{+0.23}$, $0.63_{-0.28}^{+0.18}$, $0.79_{-0.21}^{+0.13}$, and $0.88_{-0.13}^{+0.11}$ at $z\sim6$, $7$, $8-9$, and $10-14$, respectively, via comparisons of the reionization models developed by semi-numerical simulations with 21cmFAST explaining the observations of Ly$α$, UV continuum, and Planck electron optical depth. The high $x_\mathrm{HI}$ values over $z\sim 7-14$ suggest a late and sharp reionization, with the primary reionization process occurring at $z\sim 6-7$. Such a late and sharp reionization is not easily explained by either a clumpy inter-galactic medium or sources of reionization in a classical faint-galaxy or a bright-galaxy/AGN scenario, unless a very high escape fraction or AGN duty cycle is assumed at $z\sim 6-7$.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2501_05834
institution arXiv
publishDate 2025
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle Census of Ly$α$ Emission from $\sim 600$ Galaxies at $z=5-14$: Evolution of the Ly$α$ Luminosity Function and a Late Sharp Cosmic Reionization
Kageura, Yuta
Ouchi, Masami
Nakane, Minami
Umeda, Hiroya
Harikane, Yuichi
Yoshiura, Shintaro
Nakajima, Kimihiko
Yajima, Hidenobu
Thai, Tran Thi
Astrophysics of Galaxies
We present the statistical properties of Ly$α$ emission in 586 galaxies at $z=4.5-14.2$, observed by multiple JWST/NIRSpec spectroscopy projects, including JADES, GLASS, CEERS, and GO/DDT programs. We obtain Ly$α$ equivalent width (EW), Ly$α$ escape fraction, and ionizing photon production efficiency measurements or upper limits for these galaxies, and confirm that the Ly$α$ emitting galaxy fraction decreases towards higher redshifts. We derive Ly$α$ luminosity functions from $z\sim 5$ to $z\sim 10-14$ with the observed Ly$α$ EW distributions and galaxy UV luminosity functions, and find a $\sim3$ dex decrease in number density at $L_\mathrm{Lyα}=10^{42}-10^{43}$ erg s$^{-1}$ over the redshift range. Notably, this study presents the first constraints on the Ly$α$ luminosity function at $z\sim 8-14$. We obtain the neutral hydrogen fractions of $x_\mathrm{HI}=0.17_{-0.16}^{+0.23}$, $0.63_{-0.28}^{+0.18}$, $0.79_{-0.21}^{+0.13}$, and $0.88_{-0.13}^{+0.11}$ at $z\sim6$, $7$, $8-9$, and $10-14$, respectively, via comparisons of the reionization models developed by semi-numerical simulations with 21cmFAST explaining the observations of Ly$α$, UV continuum, and Planck electron optical depth. The high $x_\mathrm{HI}$ values over $z\sim 7-14$ suggest a late and sharp reionization, with the primary reionization process occurring at $z\sim 6-7$. Such a late and sharp reionization is not easily explained by either a clumpy inter-galactic medium or sources of reionization in a classical faint-galaxy or a bright-galaxy/AGN scenario, unless a very high escape fraction or AGN duty cycle is assumed at $z\sim 6-7$.
title Census of Ly$α$ Emission from $\sim 600$ Galaxies at $z=5-14$: Evolution of the Ly$α$ Luminosity Function and a Late Sharp Cosmic Reionization
topic Astrophysics of Galaxies
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2501.05834