NuSTAR observations of a varying-flux quasar in the Epoch of Reionization

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Main Authors: Marcotulli, Lea, Connor, Thomas, Bañados, Eduardo, Boorman, Peter G., Migliori, Giulia, Grefenstette, Brian W., Momjian, Emmanuel, Siemiginowska, Aneta, Stern, Daniel, Belladitta, Silvia, Cheung, C. C., Fabian, Andrew, Khusanova, Yana, Mazzucchelli, Chiara, Rojas-Ruiz, Sofía, Urry, C. Megan
Format: Preprint
Published: 2025
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author Marcotulli, Lea
Connor, Thomas
Bañados, Eduardo
Boorman, Peter G.
Migliori, Giulia
Grefenstette, Brian W.
Momjian, Emmanuel
Siemiginowska, Aneta
Stern, Daniel
Belladitta, Silvia
Cheung, C. C.
Fabian, Andrew
Khusanova, Yana
Mazzucchelli, Chiara
Rojas-Ruiz, Sofía
Urry, C. Megan
author_facet Marcotulli, Lea
Connor, Thomas
Bañados, Eduardo
Boorman, Peter G.
Migliori, Giulia
Grefenstette, Brian W.
Momjian, Emmanuel
Siemiginowska, Aneta
Stern, Daniel
Belladitta, Silvia
Cheung, C. C.
Fabian, Andrew
Khusanova, Yana
Mazzucchelli, Chiara
Rojas-Ruiz, Sofía
Urry, C. Megan
contents With enough X-ray flux to be detected in a 160s scan by SRG/eROSITA, the $z = 6.19$ quasar CFHQS J142952+544717 is, by far, the most luminous X-ray source known at $z > 6$. We present deep (245 ks) NuSTAR observations of this source; with $\sim180$ net counts in the combined observations, CFHQS J142952+544717 is the most distant object ever observed by the observatory. Fortuitously, this source was independently observed by Chandra $\sim110$ days earlier, enabling the identification of two nearby (30'' and 45'' away), fainter X-ray sources. We jointly fit both Chandra and NuSTAR observations--self-consistently including interloper sources--and find that, to greater than 90% confidence, the observed 3-7 keV flux varied by a factor of $\sim2.6$ during that period, corresponding to approximately two weeks in the quasar rest-frame. This brightening is one the most extreme instances of statistically significant X-ray variability seen in the Epoch of Reionization. We discuss possible scenarios that could produce such rapid change, including X-ray emission from jets too faint at radio frequencies to be observed.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2501_07637
institution arXiv
publishDate 2025
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle NuSTAR observations of a varying-flux quasar in the Epoch of Reionization
Marcotulli, Lea
Connor, Thomas
Bañados, Eduardo
Boorman, Peter G.
Migliori, Giulia
Grefenstette, Brian W.
Momjian, Emmanuel
Siemiginowska, Aneta
Stern, Daniel
Belladitta, Silvia
Cheung, C. C.
Fabian, Andrew
Khusanova, Yana
Mazzucchelli, Chiara
Rojas-Ruiz, Sofía
Urry, C. Megan
High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
With enough X-ray flux to be detected in a 160s scan by SRG/eROSITA, the $z = 6.19$ quasar CFHQS J142952+544717 is, by far, the most luminous X-ray source known at $z > 6$. We present deep (245 ks) NuSTAR observations of this source; with $\sim180$ net counts in the combined observations, CFHQS J142952+544717 is the most distant object ever observed by the observatory. Fortuitously, this source was independently observed by Chandra $\sim110$ days earlier, enabling the identification of two nearby (30'' and 45'' away), fainter X-ray sources. We jointly fit both Chandra and NuSTAR observations--self-consistently including interloper sources--and find that, to greater than 90% confidence, the observed 3-7 keV flux varied by a factor of $\sim2.6$ during that period, corresponding to approximately two weeks in the quasar rest-frame. This brightening is one the most extreme instances of statistically significant X-ray variability seen in the Epoch of Reionization. We discuss possible scenarios that could produce such rapid change, including X-ray emission from jets too faint at radio frequencies to be observed.
title NuSTAR observations of a varying-flux quasar in the Epoch of Reionization
topic High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2501.07637