The AGN Optical Variability Fundamental Plane
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| Autores principales: | , , , , , , , , , , , , |
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| Formato: | Preprint |
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2025
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| author | Tarrant, Ashley Hinkle, Jason Shappee, Benjamin Kochanek, Christopher Hey, Daniel Auge, Connor Payne, Anna Bolish, Michael Yuk, Heechan Dai, Xinyu Auchettl, Katie Thompson, Todd Treiber, Helena |
| author_facet | Tarrant, Ashley Hinkle, Jason Shappee, Benjamin Kochanek, Christopher Hey, Daniel Auge, Connor Payne, Anna Bolish, Michael Yuk, Heechan Dai, Xinyu Auchettl, Katie Thompson, Todd Treiber, Helena |
| contents | We investigate the relationship between AGN optical variability timescales, amplitudes, and supermassive black hole (SMBH) masses using homogeneous light curves from the All-Sky Automated Survey for SuperNovae (ASAS-SN). We fit a damped random walk (DRW) model to high-cadence, long-baseline ASAS-SN light curves to estimate the characteristic variability timescale ($τ_\text{DRW}$) and amplitude ($σ$) for 57 AGN with precise SMBH mass measurements from reverberation mapping and dynamical methods. We confirm a significant correlation between $τ_\text{DRW}$ and SMBH mass, and find: $\text{log}_{10}(M_\text{BH}/ \text{M}_\odot) = (1.85\pm0.20)\times\text{log}_{10} (τ_\text{DRW}/200 \text{ days})+7.59\pm0.08$. Incorporating $\hatσ^2 = 2σ^2/τ_\text{DRW}$ in a plane model significantly improves residuals, and we find: $\text{log}_{10}(M_\text{BH}/ \text{M}_\odot) = (2.27\pm0.20)\times\text{log}_{10} (τ_\text{DRW}/200\text{ days})+(1.20\pm0.20)\times\text{log}_{10}(\hatσ/\text{1 mJy/days}^{1/2})+7.68\pm0.08$ with a scatter of 0.39 dex. We calculate $τ_\text{DRW}$, $\hatσ$, and estimate SMBH masses for 203 bright ($V<16$ mag) AGN from the Milliquas catalog and compare these estimates with measurements from the BAT AGN Spectroscopic Survey for 42 overlapping AGN. In 10 years, LSST could extend this method to survey $7\lesssim\text{log}_{10}({M_\text{BH}/M_\odot})\lesssim9$ SMBHs out to $z\sim1$ and $\textrm{log}_{10}({M_\text{BH}/M_\odot})\sim8.0$ out to $z\sim4$, and ASAS-SN could probe $5\lesssim \textrm{log}_{10}({M_\text{BH}/M_\odot})\lesssim10.5$ SMBHs in the local universe and $\textrm{log}_{10}({M_\text{BH}/M_\odot})\sim9.0$ out to $z\sim2$. Measuring AGN variability with these datasets will provide a unique probe of SMBH evolution by making estimates of $M_\text{BH}$ spanning several orders of magnitude with photometric observations alone. |
| format | Preprint |
| id |
arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2501_12444 |
| institution | arXiv |
| publishDate | 2025 |
| record_format | arxiv |
| spellingShingle | The AGN Optical Variability Fundamental Plane Tarrant, Ashley Hinkle, Jason Shappee, Benjamin Kochanek, Christopher Hey, Daniel Auge, Connor Payne, Anna Bolish, Michael Yuk, Heechan Dai, Xinyu Auchettl, Katie Thompson, Todd Treiber, Helena Astrophysics of Galaxies We investigate the relationship between AGN optical variability timescales, amplitudes, and supermassive black hole (SMBH) masses using homogeneous light curves from the All-Sky Automated Survey for SuperNovae (ASAS-SN). We fit a damped random walk (DRW) model to high-cadence, long-baseline ASAS-SN light curves to estimate the characteristic variability timescale ($τ_\text{DRW}$) and amplitude ($σ$) for 57 AGN with precise SMBH mass measurements from reverberation mapping and dynamical methods. We confirm a significant correlation between $τ_\text{DRW}$ and SMBH mass, and find: $\text{log}_{10}(M_\text{BH}/ \text{M}_\odot) = (1.85\pm0.20)\times\text{log}_{10} (τ_\text{DRW}/200 \text{ days})+7.59\pm0.08$. Incorporating $\hatσ^2 = 2σ^2/τ_\text{DRW}$ in a plane model significantly improves residuals, and we find: $\text{log}_{10}(M_\text{BH}/ \text{M}_\odot) = (2.27\pm0.20)\times\text{log}_{10} (τ_\text{DRW}/200\text{ days})+(1.20\pm0.20)\times\text{log}_{10}(\hatσ/\text{1 mJy/days}^{1/2})+7.68\pm0.08$ with a scatter of 0.39 dex. We calculate $τ_\text{DRW}$, $\hatσ$, and estimate SMBH masses for 203 bright ($V<16$ mag) AGN from the Milliquas catalog and compare these estimates with measurements from the BAT AGN Spectroscopic Survey for 42 overlapping AGN. In 10 years, LSST could extend this method to survey $7\lesssim\text{log}_{10}({M_\text{BH}/M_\odot})\lesssim9$ SMBHs out to $z\sim1$ and $\textrm{log}_{10}({M_\text{BH}/M_\odot})\sim8.0$ out to $z\sim4$, and ASAS-SN could probe $5\lesssim \textrm{log}_{10}({M_\text{BH}/M_\odot})\lesssim10.5$ SMBHs in the local universe and $\textrm{log}_{10}({M_\text{BH}/M_\odot})\sim9.0$ out to $z\sim2$. Measuring AGN variability with these datasets will provide a unique probe of SMBH evolution by making estimates of $M_\text{BH}$ spanning several orders of magnitude with photometric observations alone. |
| title | The AGN Optical Variability Fundamental Plane |
| topic | Astrophysics of Galaxies |
| url | https://arxiv.org/abs/2501.12444 |