On the origin of mid-infrared colors in $γ$-ray blazars

Fuente: arXiv
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Autori principali: de Menezes, Raniere, D'Abrusco, Raffaele, Massaro, Francesco
Natura: Preprint
Pubblicazione: 2025
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author de Menezes, Raniere
D'Abrusco, Raffaele
Massaro, Francesco
author_facet de Menezes, Raniere
D'Abrusco, Raffaele
Massaro, Francesco
contents Context. The combination between non-thermal and thermal emission in $γ$-ray blazars pushes them to a specific region of the mid-infrared three-dimensional color diagram, the so-called blazar locus, built based on observations performed with the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer. The selection of blazar candidates based on these mid-infrared colors has been extensively used in the past decade in the hunt for the counterparts of unassociated $γ$-ray sources observed with the Fermi Large Area Telescope and in the search for new blazars in optical spectroscopic campaigns. Aims. In this work, we provide a theoretical description of the origin of the blazar locus and show how we can reasonably reproduce it with a model consisting of only three spectral components: a log-parabola accounting for the non-thermal emission, and an elliptical host and dust torus accounting for the thermal emission. Methods. We simulate spectral energy distributions for blazars, starting with a pure log-parabola model and then increasing its complexity by adding a template elliptical galaxy and dust torus. From these simulations, we compute the mid-infrared magnitudes and corresponding colors to create our own version of the blazar locus. Results. Our modeling allows for the selection of spectral parameters that better characterize the mid-infrared emission of $γ$-ray blazars, such as the log-parabola curvature ($β< 0.04$ for 50\% of our sample) and an average spectral peak around $E_p \approx 1.5 \times 10^{-13}$ erg. We also find that the log-parabola is the main spectral component behind the observed mid-infrared blazar colors, although additional components such as a host galaxy and a dust torus are crucial to obtain a precise reconstruction of the blazar locus.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2502_03466
institution arXiv
publishDate 2025
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle On the origin of mid-infrared colors in $γ$-ray blazars
de Menezes, Raniere
D'Abrusco, Raffaele
Massaro, Francesco
High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
Context. The combination between non-thermal and thermal emission in $γ$-ray blazars pushes them to a specific region of the mid-infrared three-dimensional color diagram, the so-called blazar locus, built based on observations performed with the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer. The selection of blazar candidates based on these mid-infrared colors has been extensively used in the past decade in the hunt for the counterparts of unassociated $γ$-ray sources observed with the Fermi Large Area Telescope and in the search for new blazars in optical spectroscopic campaigns. Aims. In this work, we provide a theoretical description of the origin of the blazar locus and show how we can reasonably reproduce it with a model consisting of only three spectral components: a log-parabola accounting for the non-thermal emission, and an elliptical host and dust torus accounting for the thermal emission. Methods. We simulate spectral energy distributions for blazars, starting with a pure log-parabola model and then increasing its complexity by adding a template elliptical galaxy and dust torus. From these simulations, we compute the mid-infrared magnitudes and corresponding colors to create our own version of the blazar locus. Results. Our modeling allows for the selection of spectral parameters that better characterize the mid-infrared emission of $γ$-ray blazars, such as the log-parabola curvature ($β< 0.04$ for 50\% of our sample) and an average spectral peak around $E_p \approx 1.5 \times 10^{-13}$ erg. We also find that the log-parabola is the main spectral component behind the observed mid-infrared blazar colors, although additional components such as a host galaxy and a dust torus are crucial to obtain a precise reconstruction of the blazar locus.
title On the origin of mid-infrared colors in $γ$-ray blazars
topic High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2502.03466