Digital Gatekeeping: An Audit of Search Engine Results shows tailoring of queries on the Israel-Palestine Conflict

Fuente: arXiv
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Main Authors: Damião, Íris, Reis, José M., Almeida, Paulo, Santos, Nuno, Gonçalves-Sá, Joana
Format: Preprint
Published: 2025
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author Damião, Íris
Reis, José M.
Almeida, Paulo
Santos, Nuno
Gonçalves-Sá, Joana
author_facet Damião, Íris
Reis, José M.
Almeida, Paulo
Santos, Nuno
Gonçalves-Sá, Joana
contents Search engines, often viewed as reliable gateways to information, tailor search results using customization algorithms based on user preferences, location, and more. While this can be useful for routine queries, it raises concerns when the topics are sensitive or contentious, possibly limiting exposure to diverse viewpoints and increasing polarization. To examine the extent of this tailoring, we focused on the Israel-Palestine conflict and developed a privacy-protecting tool to audit the behavior of three search engines: DuckDuckGo, Google and Yahoo. Our study focused on two main questions: (1) How do search results for the same query about the conflict vary among different users? and (2) Are these results influenced by the user's location and browsing history? Our findings revealed significant customization based on location and browsing preferences, unlike previous studies that found only mild personalization for general topics. Moreover, queries related to the conflict were more customized than unrelated queries, and the results were not neutral concerning the conflict's portrayal.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2502_04266
institution arXiv
publishDate 2025
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle Digital Gatekeeping: An Audit of Search Engine Results shows tailoring of queries on the Israel-Palestine Conflict
Damião, Íris
Reis, José M.
Almeida, Paulo
Santos, Nuno
Gonçalves-Sá, Joana
Computers and Society
Information Retrieval
Search engines, often viewed as reliable gateways to information, tailor search results using customization algorithms based on user preferences, location, and more. While this can be useful for routine queries, it raises concerns when the topics are sensitive or contentious, possibly limiting exposure to diverse viewpoints and increasing polarization. To examine the extent of this tailoring, we focused on the Israel-Palestine conflict and developed a privacy-protecting tool to audit the behavior of three search engines: DuckDuckGo, Google and Yahoo. Our study focused on two main questions: (1) How do search results for the same query about the conflict vary among different users? and (2) Are these results influenced by the user's location and browsing history? Our findings revealed significant customization based on location and browsing preferences, unlike previous studies that found only mild personalization for general topics. Moreover, queries related to the conflict were more customized than unrelated queries, and the results were not neutral concerning the conflict's portrayal.
title Digital Gatekeeping: An Audit of Search Engine Results shows tailoring of queries on the Israel-Palestine Conflict
topic Computers and Society
Information Retrieval
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2502.04266