Energy dissipation law and maximum bound principle-preserving linear BDF2 schemes with variable steps for the Allen-Cahn equation

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Main Authors: Zhang, Bingyin, Fu, Hongfei, Lan, Rihui, Xie, Shusen
Format: Preprint
Published: 2025
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author Zhang, Bingyin
Fu, Hongfei
Lan, Rihui
Xie, Shusen
author_facet Zhang, Bingyin
Fu, Hongfei
Lan, Rihui
Xie, Shusen
contents In this paper, we propose and analyze a linear, structure-preserving scalar auxiliary variable (SAV) method for solving the Allen--Cahn equation based on the second-order backward differentiation formula (BDF2) with variable time steps. To this end, we first design a novel and essential auxiliary functional that serves twofold functions: (i) ensuring that a first-order approximation to the auxiliary variable, which is essentially important for deriving the unconditional energy dissipation law, does not affect the second-order temporal accuracy of the phase function $ϕ$; and (ii) allowing us to develop effective stabilization terms that are helpful to establish the MBP-preserving linear methods. Together with this novel functional and standard central difference stencil, we then propose a linear, second-order variable-step BDF2 type stabilized exponential SAV scheme, namely BDF2-sESAV-I, which is shown to preserve both the discrete modified energy dissipation law under the temporal stepsize ratio $ 0 < r_{k} := τ_{k}/τ_{k-1} < 4.864 - δ$ with a positive constant $δ$ and the MBP under $ 0 < r_{k} < 1 + \sqrt{2} $. Moreover, an analysis of the approximation to the original energy by the modified one is presented. With the help of the kernel recombination technique, optimal $ H^{1}$- and $ L^{\infty}$-norm error estimates of the variable-step BDF2-sESAV-I scheme are rigorously established. Numerical examples are carried out to verify the theoretical results and demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed scheme.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2502_04616
institution arXiv
publishDate 2025
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle Energy dissipation law and maximum bound principle-preserving linear BDF2 schemes with variable steps for the Allen-Cahn equation
Zhang, Bingyin
Fu, Hongfei
Lan, Rihui
Xie, Shusen
Numerical Analysis
In this paper, we propose and analyze a linear, structure-preserving scalar auxiliary variable (SAV) method for solving the Allen--Cahn equation based on the second-order backward differentiation formula (BDF2) with variable time steps. To this end, we first design a novel and essential auxiliary functional that serves twofold functions: (i) ensuring that a first-order approximation to the auxiliary variable, which is essentially important for deriving the unconditional energy dissipation law, does not affect the second-order temporal accuracy of the phase function $ϕ$; and (ii) allowing us to develop effective stabilization terms that are helpful to establish the MBP-preserving linear methods. Together with this novel functional and standard central difference stencil, we then propose a linear, second-order variable-step BDF2 type stabilized exponential SAV scheme, namely BDF2-sESAV-I, which is shown to preserve both the discrete modified energy dissipation law under the temporal stepsize ratio $ 0 < r_{k} := τ_{k}/τ_{k-1} < 4.864 - δ$ with a positive constant $δ$ and the MBP under $ 0 < r_{k} < 1 + \sqrt{2} $. Moreover, an analysis of the approximation to the original energy by the modified one is presented. With the help of the kernel recombination technique, optimal $ H^{1}$- and $ L^{\infty}$-norm error estimates of the variable-step BDF2-sESAV-I scheme are rigorously established. Numerical examples are carried out to verify the theoretical results and demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed scheme.
title Energy dissipation law and maximum bound principle-preserving linear BDF2 schemes with variable steps for the Allen-Cahn equation
topic Numerical Analysis
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2502.04616