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Autori principali: Schöne, Mark, Rahmani, Babak, Kremer, Heiner, Falck, Fabian, Ballani, Hitesh, Gladrow, Jannes
Natura: Preprint
Pubblicazione: 2025
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Accesso online:https://arxiv.org/abs/2502.07827
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author Schöne, Mark
Rahmani, Babak
Kremer, Heiner
Falck, Fabian
Ballani, Hitesh
Gladrow, Jannes
author_facet Schöne, Mark
Rahmani, Babak
Kremer, Heiner
Falck, Fabian
Ballani, Hitesh
Gladrow, Jannes
contents State-space models (SSMs) and transformers dominate the language modeling landscape. However, they are constrained to a lower computational complexity than classical recurrent neural networks (RNNs), limiting their expressivity. In contrast, RNNs lack parallelization during training, raising fundamental questions about the trade off between parallelization and expressivity. We propose implicit SSMs, which iterate a transformation until convergence to a fixed point. Theoretically, we show that implicit SSMs implement the non-linear state-transitions of RNNs. Empirically, we find that only approximate fixed-point convergence suffices, enabling the design of a scalable training curriculum that largely retains parallelization, with full convergence required only for a small subset of tokens. Our approach demonstrates superior state-tracking capabilities on regular languages, surpassing transformers and SSMs. We further scale implicit SSMs to natural language reasoning tasks and pretraining of large-scale language models up to 1.3B parameters on 207B tokens representing, to our knowledge, the largest implicit model trained to date. Notably, our implicit models outperform their explicit counterparts on standard benchmarks. Our code is publicly available at http://github.com/microsoft/implicit_languagemodels .
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id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2502_07827
institution arXiv
publishDate 2025
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle Implicit Language Models are RNNs: Balancing Parallelization and Expressivity
Schöne, Mark
Rahmani, Babak
Kremer, Heiner
Falck, Fabian
Ballani, Hitesh
Gladrow, Jannes
Machine Learning
Artificial Intelligence
State-space models (SSMs) and transformers dominate the language modeling landscape. However, they are constrained to a lower computational complexity than classical recurrent neural networks (RNNs), limiting their expressivity. In contrast, RNNs lack parallelization during training, raising fundamental questions about the trade off between parallelization and expressivity. We propose implicit SSMs, which iterate a transformation until convergence to a fixed point. Theoretically, we show that implicit SSMs implement the non-linear state-transitions of RNNs. Empirically, we find that only approximate fixed-point convergence suffices, enabling the design of a scalable training curriculum that largely retains parallelization, with full convergence required only for a small subset of tokens. Our approach demonstrates superior state-tracking capabilities on regular languages, surpassing transformers and SSMs. We further scale implicit SSMs to natural language reasoning tasks and pretraining of large-scale language models up to 1.3B parameters on 207B tokens representing, to our knowledge, the largest implicit model trained to date. Notably, our implicit models outperform their explicit counterparts on standard benchmarks. Our code is publicly available at http://github.com/microsoft/implicit_languagemodels .
title Implicit Language Models are RNNs: Balancing Parallelization and Expressivity
topic Machine Learning
Artificial Intelligence
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2502.07827