Understanding the Kronecker Matrix-Vector Complexity of Linear Algebra

Fuente: arXiv
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Hauptverfasser: Meyer, Raphael A., Swartworth, William, Woodruff, David P.
Format: Preprint
Veröffentlicht: 2025
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author Meyer, Raphael A.
Swartworth, William
Woodruff, David P.
author_facet Meyer, Raphael A.
Swartworth, William
Woodruff, David P.
contents We study the computational model where we can access a matrix $\mathbf{A}$ only by computing matrix-vector products $\mathbf{A}\mathrm{x}$ for vectors of the form $\mathrm{x} = \mathrm{x}_1 \otimes \cdots \otimes \mathrm{x}_q$. We prove exponential lower bounds on the number of queries needed to estimate various properties, including the trace and the top eigenvalue of $\mathbf{A}$. Our proofs hold for all adaptive algorithms, modulo a mild conditioning assumption on the algorithm's queries. We further prove that algorithms whose queries come from a small alphabet (e.g., $\mathrm{x}_i \in \{\pm1\}^n$) cannot test if $\mathbf{A}$ is identically zero with polynomial complexity, despite the fact that a single query using Gaussian vectors solves the problem with probability 1. In steep contrast to the non-Kronecker case, this shows that sketching $\mathbf{A}$ with different distributions of the same subguassian norm can yield exponentially different query complexities. Our proofs follow from the observation that random vectors with Kronecker structure have exponentially smaller inner products than their non-Kronecker counterparts.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2502_08029
institution arXiv
publishDate 2025
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle Understanding the Kronecker Matrix-Vector Complexity of Linear Algebra
Meyer, Raphael A.
Swartworth, William
Woodruff, David P.
Data Structures and Algorithms
Numerical Analysis
65F99 (Primary) 15A69 (Secondary)
G.1.3
We study the computational model where we can access a matrix $\mathbf{A}$ only by computing matrix-vector products $\mathbf{A}\mathrm{x}$ for vectors of the form $\mathrm{x} = \mathrm{x}_1 \otimes \cdots \otimes \mathrm{x}_q$. We prove exponential lower bounds on the number of queries needed to estimate various properties, including the trace and the top eigenvalue of $\mathbf{A}$. Our proofs hold for all adaptive algorithms, modulo a mild conditioning assumption on the algorithm's queries. We further prove that algorithms whose queries come from a small alphabet (e.g., $\mathrm{x}_i \in \{\pm1\}^n$) cannot test if $\mathbf{A}$ is identically zero with polynomial complexity, despite the fact that a single query using Gaussian vectors solves the problem with probability 1. In steep contrast to the non-Kronecker case, this shows that sketching $\mathbf{A}$ with different distributions of the same subguassian norm can yield exponentially different query complexities. Our proofs follow from the observation that random vectors with Kronecker structure have exponentially smaller inner products than their non-Kronecker counterparts.
title Understanding the Kronecker Matrix-Vector Complexity of Linear Algebra
topic Data Structures and Algorithms
Numerical Analysis
65F99 (Primary) 15A69 (Secondary)
G.1.3
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2502.08029