Probing solar modulation of AMS-02 time-dependent D, $^3$He and $^4$He fluxes with modified force field approximation

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Main Authors: Zhu, Cheng-Rui, Wang, Mei-Juan
Format: Preprint
Published: 2025
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_version_ 1866912340029472768
author Zhu, Cheng-Rui
Wang, Mei-Juan
author_facet Zhu, Cheng-Rui
Wang, Mei-Juan
contents The AMS-02 experiment recently published time-dependent fluxes of deuterons (D) from May 2011 to April 2021, divided into 33 periods of four Bartels rotations each. These temporal structures are associated with solar modulation. In this study, three modified force-field approximation are employed to examine the long-term behavior of cosmic-ray (CR) isotopes such as D, $^3$He, and $^4$He, as well as the ratios D/$^3$He and $^3$He/$^4$He. The solar modulation potential is rigidity-dependent for these modified force-field approximation models. Due to the unknown local interstellar spectrum (LIS) for these isotopes, we utilize the Non-LIS method for solar modulation. By fitting to the AMS-02 time-dependent fluxes, we derive the solar modulation parameters. Our findings prove the assumption in literature that all isotopes can be fitted using the same solar modulation parameters and it shown that the modified FFA models are validated parametrization for solar modulation. Based on these, we forecast the daily fluxes of D, $^3$He and $^4$He from 2011 to 2020.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2502_10016
institution arXiv
publishDate 2025
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle Probing solar modulation of AMS-02 time-dependent D, $^3$He and $^4$He fluxes with modified force field approximation
Zhu, Cheng-Rui
Wang, Mei-Juan
High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
The AMS-02 experiment recently published time-dependent fluxes of deuterons (D) from May 2011 to April 2021, divided into 33 periods of four Bartels rotations each. These temporal structures are associated with solar modulation. In this study, three modified force-field approximation are employed to examine the long-term behavior of cosmic-ray (CR) isotopes such as D, $^3$He, and $^4$He, as well as the ratios D/$^3$He and $^3$He/$^4$He. The solar modulation potential is rigidity-dependent for these modified force-field approximation models. Due to the unknown local interstellar spectrum (LIS) for these isotopes, we utilize the Non-LIS method for solar modulation. By fitting to the AMS-02 time-dependent fluxes, we derive the solar modulation parameters. Our findings prove the assumption in literature that all isotopes can be fitted using the same solar modulation parameters and it shown that the modified FFA models are validated parametrization for solar modulation. Based on these, we forecast the daily fluxes of D, $^3$He and $^4$He from 2011 to 2020.
title Probing solar modulation of AMS-02 time-dependent D, $^3$He and $^4$He fluxes with modified force field approximation
topic High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2502.10016