Cycles and collusion in congestion games under Q-learning

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Hauptverfasser: Carissimo, Cesare, Nagler, Jan, Nax, Heinrich
Format: Preprint
Veröffentlicht: 2025
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author Carissimo, Cesare
Nagler, Jan
Nax, Heinrich
author_facet Carissimo, Cesare
Nagler, Jan
Nax, Heinrich
contents We investigate the dynamics of Q-learning in a class of generalized Braess paradox games. These games represent an important class of network routing games where the associated stage-game Nash equilibria do not constitute social optima. We provide a full convergence analysis of Q-learning with varying parameters and learning rates. A wide range of phenomena emerges, broadly either settling into Nash or cycling continuously in ways reminiscent of "Edgeworth cycles" (i.e. jumping suddenly from Nash toward social optimum and then deteriorating gradually back to Nash). Our results reveal an important incentive incompatibility when thinking in terms of a meta-game being played by the designers of the individual Q-learners who set their agents' parameters. Indeed, Nash equilibria of the meta-game are characterized by heterogeneous parameters, and resulting outcomes achieve little to no cooperation beyond Nash. In conclusion, we suggest a novel perspective for thinking about regulation and collusion, and discuss the implications of our results for Bertrand oligopoly pricing games.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2502_18984
institution arXiv
publishDate 2025
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle Cycles and collusion in congestion games under Q-learning
Carissimo, Cesare
Nagler, Jan
Nax, Heinrich
Theoretical Economics
Computer Science and Game Theory
Multiagent Systems
We investigate the dynamics of Q-learning in a class of generalized Braess paradox games. These games represent an important class of network routing games where the associated stage-game Nash equilibria do not constitute social optima. We provide a full convergence analysis of Q-learning with varying parameters and learning rates. A wide range of phenomena emerges, broadly either settling into Nash or cycling continuously in ways reminiscent of "Edgeworth cycles" (i.e. jumping suddenly from Nash toward social optimum and then deteriorating gradually back to Nash). Our results reveal an important incentive incompatibility when thinking in terms of a meta-game being played by the designers of the individual Q-learners who set their agents' parameters. Indeed, Nash equilibria of the meta-game are characterized by heterogeneous parameters, and resulting outcomes achieve little to no cooperation beyond Nash. In conclusion, we suggest a novel perspective for thinking about regulation and collusion, and discuss the implications of our results for Bertrand oligopoly pricing games.
title Cycles and collusion in congestion games under Q-learning
topic Theoretical Economics
Computer Science and Game Theory
Multiagent Systems
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2502.18984