Disentangling the galactic and intergalactic components in 313 observed Lyman-alpha line profiles between redshift 0 and 5

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Main Authors: Gurung-López, Siddhartha, Byrohl, Chris, Gronke, Max, Spinoso, Daniele, Torralba, Alberto, Fernández-Soto, Alberto, Arnalte-Mur, Pablo, Martínez, Vicent J.
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Published: 2025
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author Gurung-López, Siddhartha
Byrohl, Chris
Gronke, Max
Spinoso, Daniele
Torralba, Alberto
Fernández-Soto, Alberto
Arnalte-Mur, Pablo
Martínez, Vicent J.
author_facet Gurung-López, Siddhartha
Byrohl, Chris
Gronke, Max
Spinoso, Daniele
Torralba, Alberto
Fernández-Soto, Alberto
Arnalte-Mur, Pablo
Martínez, Vicent J.
contents Lyman-Alpha (Lya) photons emitted in star-forming galaxies undergo complex radiative transfer through the interstellar (ISM), circumgalactic (CGM), and intergalactic medium (IGM), imprinting characteristic signatures on their observed line profiles. We use the open-source package zELDA (redshift Estimator for Line profiles of Distant Lyman-Alpha emitters) to disentangle the galactic and intergalactic contributions in 313 Lya spectra observed with HST/COS and MUSE, spanning 0<z<6. zELDA employs artificial neural networks trained on mock Lya spectra generated with Monte Carlo radiative transfer through thin-shell models and IGM transmission curves from the TNG100 simulation. We find that sources at $z<0.5$ exhibit minimal IGM attenuation, whereas at $z>3$ the IGM significantly suppresses the blue peak of Lya. After correcting for IGM effects, the stacked intrinsic galactic Lya line profiles display remarkably little evolution from $z=0$ to $z=6$. We measure the mean IGM Lya escape fraction, finding $<f^{IGM}_{esc}> > 90\%$ for z<0.5, decreasing from $\sim0.85$ at $z=3$ to $\sim0.55$ at $z=5$. Our measurement of the redshift evolution of the Lya IGM escape fraction agrees with independent constraints on the IGM mean optical depth. After a comparison between our $<f^{IGM}_{esc}>$ estimation and the global Lya escape fraction from the literature, our findings indicate that the IGM might dominate Lya observability at redshift z$\gtrsim$5.0, after which ISM and CGM effects tend to dominate at lower $z$. Our results demonstrate that zELDA enables robust reconstruction of intrinsic Lya spectra and provides a direct probe of the interplay between galactic outflows and IGM transmission across cosmic time.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2503_03824
institution arXiv
publishDate 2025
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle Disentangling the galactic and intergalactic components in 313 observed Lyman-alpha line profiles between redshift 0 and 5
Gurung-López, Siddhartha
Byrohl, Chris
Gronke, Max
Spinoso, Daniele
Torralba, Alberto
Fernández-Soto, Alberto
Arnalte-Mur, Pablo
Martínez, Vicent J.
Astrophysics of Galaxies
Lyman-Alpha (Lya) photons emitted in star-forming galaxies undergo complex radiative transfer through the interstellar (ISM), circumgalactic (CGM), and intergalactic medium (IGM), imprinting characteristic signatures on their observed line profiles. We use the open-source package zELDA (redshift Estimator for Line profiles of Distant Lyman-Alpha emitters) to disentangle the galactic and intergalactic contributions in 313 Lya spectra observed with HST/COS and MUSE, spanning 0<z<6. zELDA employs artificial neural networks trained on mock Lya spectra generated with Monte Carlo radiative transfer through thin-shell models and IGM transmission curves from the TNG100 simulation. We find that sources at $z<0.5$ exhibit minimal IGM attenuation, whereas at $z>3$ the IGM significantly suppresses the blue peak of Lya. After correcting for IGM effects, the stacked intrinsic galactic Lya line profiles display remarkably little evolution from $z=0$ to $z=6$. We measure the mean IGM Lya escape fraction, finding $<f^{IGM}_{esc}> > 90\%$ for z<0.5, decreasing from $\sim0.85$ at $z=3$ to $\sim0.55$ at $z=5$. Our measurement of the redshift evolution of the Lya IGM escape fraction agrees with independent constraints on the IGM mean optical depth. After a comparison between our $<f^{IGM}_{esc}>$ estimation and the global Lya escape fraction from the literature, our findings indicate that the IGM might dominate Lya observability at redshift z$\gtrsim$5.0, after which ISM and CGM effects tend to dominate at lower $z$. Our results demonstrate that zELDA enables robust reconstruction of intrinsic Lya spectra and provides a direct probe of the interplay between galactic outflows and IGM transmission across cosmic time.
title Disentangling the galactic and intergalactic components in 313 observed Lyman-alpha line profiles between redshift 0 and 5
topic Astrophysics of Galaxies
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2503.03824