EP240801a/XRF 240801B: An X-ray Flash Detected by the Einstein Probe and Implications of its Multiband Afterglow
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arXiv
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2025
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| author | Jiang, Shuai-Qing Xu, Dong van Hoof, Agnes P. C. Lei, Wei-Hua Liu, Yuan Zhou, Hao Chen, Yong Fu, Shao-Yu Yang, Jun Liu, Xing Zhu, Zi-Pei Filippenko, Alexei V. Jonker, Peter G. Pozanenko, A. S. Gao, He Wu, Xue-Feng Zhang, Bing Lamb, Gavin P De Pasquale, Massimiliano Kobayashi, Shiho Bauer, Franz Erik Sun, Hui Pugliese, Giovanna An, Jie D'Elia, Valerio Fynbo, Johan P. U. Zheng, WeiKang Tirado, Alberto J. C. Yin, Yi-Han Iris Zou, Yuan-Chuan Deller, Adam T. Pankov, N. S. Volnova, A. A. Moskvitin, A. S. Spiridonova, O. I. Oparin, D. V. Rumyantsev, V. Burkhonov, O. A. Egamberdiyev, Sh. A. Kim, V. Krugov, M. Tatarnikov, A. M. Inasaridze, R. Levan, Andrew J. Malesani, Daniele Bjørn Ravasio, Maria E. Quirola-Vásquez, Jonathan van Dalen, Joyce N. D. Sánchez-Sierras, Javi Sánchez, Daniel Mata Littlefair, Stuart P. Chacón, Jennifer A. Torres, Manuel A. P. Chrimes, Ashley A. Sarin, Nikhil Martin-Carrillo, Antonio Dhillon, Vik Yang, Yi Brink, Thomas G. Davies, Rebecca L. Yang, Sheng Aryan, Amar Chen, Ting-Wan Kong, Albert K. H. Li, Wen-Xiong Li, Rui-Zhi Mao, Jirong Pérez-García, Ignacio Fernández-García, Emilio J. Andrews, Moira Farah, Joseph Fan, Zhou Gonzalez, Estefania Padilla Howell, D. Andrew Hartmann, Dieter Hu, Jing-Wei Jakobsson, Páll Li, Cheng-Kui Ling, Zhi-Xing McCully, Curtis Newsome, Megan Schneider, Benjamin Tinyanont, Kaew Samaporn Sun, Ning-Chen Terreran, Giacomo Tang, Qing-Wen Wang, Wen-Xin Xu, Jing-Jing Yuan, Wei-Min Zhang, Bin-Bin Zhao, Hai-Sheng Zhang, Juan |
| author_facet | Jiang, Shuai-Qing Xu, Dong van Hoof, Agnes P. C. Lei, Wei-Hua Liu, Yuan Zhou, Hao Chen, Yong Fu, Shao-Yu Yang, Jun Liu, Xing Zhu, Zi-Pei Filippenko, Alexei V. Jonker, Peter G. Pozanenko, A. S. Gao, He Wu, Xue-Feng Zhang, Bing Lamb, Gavin P De Pasquale, Massimiliano Kobayashi, Shiho Bauer, Franz Erik Sun, Hui Pugliese, Giovanna An, Jie D'Elia, Valerio Fynbo, Johan P. U. Zheng, WeiKang Tirado, Alberto J. C. Yin, Yi-Han Iris Zou, Yuan-Chuan Deller, Adam T. Pankov, N. S. Volnova, A. A. Moskvitin, A. S. Spiridonova, O. I. Oparin, D. V. Rumyantsev, V. Burkhonov, O. A. Egamberdiyev, Sh. A. Kim, V. Krugov, M. Tatarnikov, A. M. Inasaridze, R. Levan, Andrew J. Malesani, Daniele Bjørn Ravasio, Maria E. Quirola-Vásquez, Jonathan van Dalen, Joyce N. D. Sánchez-Sierras, Javi Sánchez, Daniel Mata Littlefair, Stuart P. Chacón, Jennifer A. Torres, Manuel A. P. Chrimes, Ashley A. Sarin, Nikhil Martin-Carrillo, Antonio Dhillon, Vik Yang, Yi Brink, Thomas G. Davies, Rebecca L. Yang, Sheng Aryan, Amar Chen, Ting-Wan Kong, Albert K. H. Li, Wen-Xiong Li, Rui-Zhi Mao, Jirong Pérez-García, Ignacio Fernández-García, Emilio J. Andrews, Moira Farah, Joseph Fan, Zhou Gonzalez, Estefania Padilla Howell, D. Andrew Hartmann, Dieter Hu, Jing-Wei Jakobsson, Páll Li, Cheng-Kui Ling, Zhi-Xing McCully, Curtis Newsome, Megan Schneider, Benjamin Tinyanont, Kaew Samaporn Sun, Ning-Chen Terreran, Giacomo Tang, Qing-Wen Wang, Wen-Xin Xu, Jing-Jing Yuan, Wei-Min Zhang, Bin-Bin Zhao, Hai-Sheng Zhang, Juan |
| contents | We present multiband observations and analysis of EP240801a, a low-energy, extremely soft gamma-ray burst (GRB) discovered on August 1, 2024 by the Einstein Probe (EP) satellite, with a weak contemporaneous signal also detected by Fermi/GBM. Optical spectroscopy of the afterglow, obtained by GTC and Keck, identified the redshift of $z = 1.6734$. EP240801a exhibits a burst duration of 148 s in X-rays and 22.3 s in gamma-rays, with X-rays leading by 80.61 s. Spectral lag analysis indicates the gamma-ray signal arrived 8.3 s earlier than the X-rays. Joint spectral fitting of EP/WXT and Fermi/GBM data yields an isotropic energy $E_{γ,\rm{iso}} = (5.57^{+0.54}_{-0.50})\times 10^{51}\,\rm{erg}$, a peak energy $E_{\rm{peak}} = 14.90^{+7.08}_{-4.71}\,\rm{keV}$, a fluence ratio $\rm S(25-50\,\rm{keV})/S(50-100\,\rm{keV}) = 1.67^{+0.74}_{-0.46}$, classifying EP240801a as an X-ray flash (XRF). The host-galaxy continuum spectrum, inferred using Prospector, was used to correct its contribution for the observed outburst optical data. Unusual early $R$-band behavior and EP/FXT observations suggest multiple components in the afterglow. Three models are considered: two-component jet model, forward-reverse shock model and forward-shock model with energy injection. Both three provide reasonable explanations. The two-component jet model and the energy injection model imply a relatively small initial energy and velocity of the jet in the line of sight, while the forward-reverse shock model remains typical. Under the two-component jet model, EP240801a may resemble GRB 221009A (BOAT) if the bright narrow beam is viewed on-axis. Therefore, EP240801a can be interpreted as an off-beam (narrow) jet or an intrinsically weak GRB jet. Our findings provide crucial clues for uncovering the origin of XRFs. |
| format | Preprint |
| id |
arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2503_04306 |
| institution | arXiv |
| publishDate | 2025 |
| record_format | arxiv |
| spellingShingle | EP240801a/XRF 240801B: An X-ray Flash Detected by the Einstein Probe and Implications of its Multiband Afterglow Jiang, Shuai-Qing Xu, Dong van Hoof, Agnes P. C. Lei, Wei-Hua Liu, Yuan Zhou, Hao Chen, Yong Fu, Shao-Yu Yang, Jun Liu, Xing Zhu, Zi-Pei Filippenko, Alexei V. Jonker, Peter G. Pozanenko, A. S. Gao, He Wu, Xue-Feng Zhang, Bing Lamb, Gavin P De Pasquale, Massimiliano Kobayashi, Shiho Bauer, Franz Erik Sun, Hui Pugliese, Giovanna An, Jie D'Elia, Valerio Fynbo, Johan P. U. Zheng, WeiKang Tirado, Alberto J. C. Yin, Yi-Han Iris Zou, Yuan-Chuan Deller, Adam T. Pankov, N. S. Volnova, A. A. Moskvitin, A. S. Spiridonova, O. I. Oparin, D. V. Rumyantsev, V. Burkhonov, O. A. Egamberdiyev, Sh. A. Kim, V. Krugov, M. Tatarnikov, A. M. Inasaridze, R. Levan, Andrew J. Malesani, Daniele Bjørn Ravasio, Maria E. Quirola-Vásquez, Jonathan van Dalen, Joyce N. D. Sánchez-Sierras, Javi Sánchez, Daniel Mata Littlefair, Stuart P. Chacón, Jennifer A. Torres, Manuel A. P. Chrimes, Ashley A. Sarin, Nikhil Martin-Carrillo, Antonio Dhillon, Vik Yang, Yi Brink, Thomas G. Davies, Rebecca L. Yang, Sheng Aryan, Amar Chen, Ting-Wan Kong, Albert K. H. Li, Wen-Xiong Li, Rui-Zhi Mao, Jirong Pérez-García, Ignacio Fernández-García, Emilio J. Andrews, Moira Farah, Joseph Fan, Zhou Gonzalez, Estefania Padilla Howell, D. Andrew Hartmann, Dieter Hu, Jing-Wei Jakobsson, Páll Li, Cheng-Kui Ling, Zhi-Xing McCully, Curtis Newsome, Megan Schneider, Benjamin Tinyanont, Kaew Samaporn Sun, Ning-Chen Terreran, Giacomo Tang, Qing-Wen Wang, Wen-Xin Xu, Jing-Jing Yuan, Wei-Min Zhang, Bin-Bin Zhao, Hai-Sheng Zhang, Juan High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena We present multiband observations and analysis of EP240801a, a low-energy, extremely soft gamma-ray burst (GRB) discovered on August 1, 2024 by the Einstein Probe (EP) satellite, with a weak contemporaneous signal also detected by Fermi/GBM. Optical spectroscopy of the afterglow, obtained by GTC and Keck, identified the redshift of $z = 1.6734$. EP240801a exhibits a burst duration of 148 s in X-rays and 22.3 s in gamma-rays, with X-rays leading by 80.61 s. Spectral lag analysis indicates the gamma-ray signal arrived 8.3 s earlier than the X-rays. Joint spectral fitting of EP/WXT and Fermi/GBM data yields an isotropic energy $E_{γ,\rm{iso}} = (5.57^{+0.54}_{-0.50})\times 10^{51}\,\rm{erg}$, a peak energy $E_{\rm{peak}} = 14.90^{+7.08}_{-4.71}\,\rm{keV}$, a fluence ratio $\rm S(25-50\,\rm{keV})/S(50-100\,\rm{keV}) = 1.67^{+0.74}_{-0.46}$, classifying EP240801a as an X-ray flash (XRF). The host-galaxy continuum spectrum, inferred using Prospector, was used to correct its contribution for the observed outburst optical data. Unusual early $R$-band behavior and EP/FXT observations suggest multiple components in the afterglow. Three models are considered: two-component jet model, forward-reverse shock model and forward-shock model with energy injection. Both three provide reasonable explanations. The two-component jet model and the energy injection model imply a relatively small initial energy and velocity of the jet in the line of sight, while the forward-reverse shock model remains typical. Under the two-component jet model, EP240801a may resemble GRB 221009A (BOAT) if the bright narrow beam is viewed on-axis. Therefore, EP240801a can be interpreted as an off-beam (narrow) jet or an intrinsically weak GRB jet. Our findings provide crucial clues for uncovering the origin of XRFs. |
| title | EP240801a/XRF 240801B: An X-ray Flash Detected by the Einstein Probe and Implications of its Multiband Afterglow |
| topic | High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena |
| url | https://arxiv.org/abs/2503.04306 |