Surface Chemistry-Driven Oxidation Mechanisms in Ti$_{\text{3}}$C$_{\text{2}}$T$_{\textit{x}}$ MXenes
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arXiv
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| Auteurs principaux: | , , , , , |
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| Format: | Preprint |
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2025
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| _version_ | 1866915357969612800 |
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| author | McIntosh, Bradlee J. Márkus, Bence G. Nyáry, Anna Simon, Ferenc Forró, László Beke, Dávid |
| author_facet | McIntosh, Bradlee J. Márkus, Bence G. Nyáry, Anna Simon, Ferenc Forró, László Beke, Dávid |
| contents | Ti$_3$C$_2$T$_x$ is a leading compound within the MXenes family and can find host in widespread applications. It is synthesized by selectively etching layers from the Ti$_3$AlC$_2$ precursor, and this process typically introduces surface terminations, T$_x$, such as $-$OH, $=$O, or $-$F. However, the aggressive chemical conditions required for its preparation, as well as exposure to air, humidity, and heat, can lead to impurity phases that potentially compromise its desirable properties. We reveal a two-step oxidation process during heat treatment, where initial oxidation occurs between layers without altering the integrity of the Ti$_3$C$_2$ layered structure, followed by the formation of anatase TiO$_2$ at elevated temperatures. The process was carefully monitored using \emph{in situ} Raman spectroscopy and \emph{in situ} microwave conductivity measurements, employed to Ti$_3$C$_2$T$_x$ prepared using various etching techniques involving concentrated HF, LiF + HCl, and HF + HCl mixtures. The oxidation process is heavily influenced by the synthesis route and surface chemistry of Ti$_3$C$_2$T$_x$, with fluoride and oxyfluoride groups playing a pivotal role in stabilizing the anatase phase. The absence of these groups, in contrast, can lead to the formation of rutile TiO$_2$. |
| format | Preprint |
| id |
arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2503_07896 |
| institution | arXiv |
| publishDate | 2025 |
| record_format | arxiv |
| spellingShingle | Surface Chemistry-Driven Oxidation Mechanisms in Ti$_{\text{3}}$C$_{\text{2}}$T$_{\textit{x}}$ MXenes McIntosh, Bradlee J. Márkus, Bence G. Nyáry, Anna Simon, Ferenc Forró, László Beke, Dávid Materials Science Ti$_3$C$_2$T$_x$ is a leading compound within the MXenes family and can find host in widespread applications. It is synthesized by selectively etching layers from the Ti$_3$AlC$_2$ precursor, and this process typically introduces surface terminations, T$_x$, such as $-$OH, $=$O, or $-$F. However, the aggressive chemical conditions required for its preparation, as well as exposure to air, humidity, and heat, can lead to impurity phases that potentially compromise its desirable properties. We reveal a two-step oxidation process during heat treatment, where initial oxidation occurs between layers without altering the integrity of the Ti$_3$C$_2$ layered structure, followed by the formation of anatase TiO$_2$ at elevated temperatures. The process was carefully monitored using \emph{in situ} Raman spectroscopy and \emph{in situ} microwave conductivity measurements, employed to Ti$_3$C$_2$T$_x$ prepared using various etching techniques involving concentrated HF, LiF + HCl, and HF + HCl mixtures. The oxidation process is heavily influenced by the synthesis route and surface chemistry of Ti$_3$C$_2$T$_x$, with fluoride and oxyfluoride groups playing a pivotal role in stabilizing the anatase phase. The absence of these groups, in contrast, can lead to the formation of rutile TiO$_2$. |
| title | Surface Chemistry-Driven Oxidation Mechanisms in Ti$_{\text{3}}$C$_{\text{2}}$T$_{\textit{x}}$ MXenes |
| topic | Materials Science |
| url | https://arxiv.org/abs/2503.07896 |