HADES RV Programme with HARPS-N at TNG. XVI. A super-Earth in the habitable zone of the GJ 3998 multi-planet system
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| Autores principales: | , , , , , , , , , , , , , , |
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| Formato: | Preprint |
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2025
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| author | Stefanov, A. K. Mascareño, A. Suárez Hernández, J. I. González Nari, N. Rebolo, R. Affer, L. Micela, G. Ribas, I. Sozzetti, A. Perger, M. Pinamonti, M. Damasso, M. Maldonado, J. Álvarez, E. González Scandariato, G. |
| author_facet | Stefanov, A. K. Mascareño, A. Suárez Hernández, J. I. González Nari, N. Rebolo, R. Affer, L. Micela, G. Ribas, I. Sozzetti, A. Perger, M. Pinamonti, M. Damasso, M. Maldonado, J. Álvarez, E. González Scandariato, G. |
| contents | The low masses of M dwarfs create attractive opportunities for exoplanet radial-velocity (RV) detections. These stars, however, exhibit strong stellar activity that may attenuate or mimic planetary signals. We present a velocimetric analysis on one such M dwarf, GJ 3998 ($d=18.2\,\text{pc}$), with two published short-period super-Earths: GJ 3998 b and GJ 3998 c. We use additional data from the HARPS-N spectrograph to confirm these two planets and to look for more. We carry out joint modelling of: (i) RV planetary signals, (ii) stellar rotation in RV and activity indicators through Gaussian processes, (iii) long-term trends in RV and activity indicators. We constrain the rotational period of GJ 3998 to $P_\text{rot}=30.2\pm 0.3\,\text{d}$ and discover long-term sinusoidal imprints in RV and FWHM of period $P_\text{cyc}=316^{+14}_{-8}\,\text{d}$. We confirm GJ 3998 b and GJ 3998 c, and detect a third planet: GJ 3998 d, whose signal had been previously attributed to stellar activity. GJ 3998 d has an orbital period of $41.78\pm 0.05\,\text{d}$, a minimum mass of $6.07^{+1.00}_{-0.96}\,\text{M}_\oplus$ and a mean insolation flux of $1.2^{+0.3}_{-0.2}\,Φ_\oplus$. This makes it one of the few known planets receiving Earth-like insolation flux. |
| format | Preprint |
| id |
arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2503_08405 |
| institution | arXiv |
| publishDate | 2025 |
| record_format | arxiv |
| spellingShingle | HADES RV Programme with HARPS-N at TNG. XVI. A super-Earth in the habitable zone of the GJ 3998 multi-planet system Stefanov, A. K. Mascareño, A. Suárez Hernández, J. I. González Nari, N. Rebolo, R. Affer, L. Micela, G. Ribas, I. Sozzetti, A. Perger, M. Pinamonti, M. Damasso, M. Maldonado, J. Álvarez, E. González Scandariato, G. Earth and Planetary Astrophysics Solar and Stellar Astrophysics The low masses of M dwarfs create attractive opportunities for exoplanet radial-velocity (RV) detections. These stars, however, exhibit strong stellar activity that may attenuate or mimic planetary signals. We present a velocimetric analysis on one such M dwarf, GJ 3998 ($d=18.2\,\text{pc}$), with two published short-period super-Earths: GJ 3998 b and GJ 3998 c. We use additional data from the HARPS-N spectrograph to confirm these two planets and to look for more. We carry out joint modelling of: (i) RV planetary signals, (ii) stellar rotation in RV and activity indicators through Gaussian processes, (iii) long-term trends in RV and activity indicators. We constrain the rotational period of GJ 3998 to $P_\text{rot}=30.2\pm 0.3\,\text{d}$ and discover long-term sinusoidal imprints in RV and FWHM of period $P_\text{cyc}=316^{+14}_{-8}\,\text{d}$. We confirm GJ 3998 b and GJ 3998 c, and detect a third planet: GJ 3998 d, whose signal had been previously attributed to stellar activity. GJ 3998 d has an orbital period of $41.78\pm 0.05\,\text{d}$, a minimum mass of $6.07^{+1.00}_{-0.96}\,\text{M}_\oplus$ and a mean insolation flux of $1.2^{+0.3}_{-0.2}\,Φ_\oplus$. This makes it one of the few known planets receiving Earth-like insolation flux. |
| title | HADES RV Programme with HARPS-N at TNG. XVI. A super-Earth in the habitable zone of the GJ 3998 multi-planet system |
| topic | Earth and Planetary Astrophysics Solar and Stellar Astrophysics |
| url | https://arxiv.org/abs/2503.08405 |