Uncertainty-aware Long-tailed Weights Model the Utility of Pseudo-labels for Semi-supervised Learning
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arXiv
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| Autori principali: | , , |
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| Natura: | Preprint |
| Pubblicazione: |
2025
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| _version_ | 1866916651419566080 |
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| author | Wu, Jiaqi Pang, Junbiao Huang, Qingming |
| author_facet | Wu, Jiaqi Pang, Junbiao Huang, Qingming |
| contents | Current Semi-supervised Learning (SSL) adopts the pseudo-labeling strategy and further filters pseudo-labels based on confidence thresholds. However, this mechanism has notable drawbacks: 1) setting the reasonable threshold is an open problem which significantly influences the selection of the high-quality pseudo-labels; and 2) deep models often exhibit the over-confidence phenomenon which makes the confidence value an unreliable indicator for assessing the quality of pseudo-labels due to the scarcity of labeled data. In this paper, we propose an Uncertainty-aware Ensemble Structure (UES) to assess the utility of pseudo-labels for unlabeled samples. We further model the utility of pseudo-labels as long-tailed weights to avoid the open problem of setting the threshold. Concretely, the advantage of the long-tailed weights ensures that even unreliable pseudo-labels still contribute to enhancing the model's robustness. Besides, UES is lightweight and architecture-agnostic, easily extending to various computer vision tasks, including classification and regression. Experimental results demonstrate that combining the proposed method with DualPose leads to a 3.47% improvement in Percentage of Correct Keypoints (PCK) on the Sniffing dataset with 100 data points (30 labeled), a 7.29\% improvement in PCK on the FLIC dataset with 100 data points (50 labeled), and a 3.91% improvement in PCK on the LSP dataset with 200 data points (100 labeled). Furthermore, when combined with FixMatch, the proposed method achieves a 0.2% accuracy improvement on the CIFAR-10 dataset with 40 labeled data points and a 0.26% accuracy improvement on the CIFAR-100 dataset with 400 labeled data points. |
| format | Preprint |
| id |
arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2503_09974 |
| institution | arXiv |
| publishDate | 2025 |
| record_format | arxiv |
| spellingShingle | Uncertainty-aware Long-tailed Weights Model the Utility of Pseudo-labels for Semi-supervised Learning Wu, Jiaqi Pang, Junbiao Huang, Qingming Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Artificial Intelligence Current Semi-supervised Learning (SSL) adopts the pseudo-labeling strategy and further filters pseudo-labels based on confidence thresholds. However, this mechanism has notable drawbacks: 1) setting the reasonable threshold is an open problem which significantly influences the selection of the high-quality pseudo-labels; and 2) deep models often exhibit the over-confidence phenomenon which makes the confidence value an unreliable indicator for assessing the quality of pseudo-labels due to the scarcity of labeled data. In this paper, we propose an Uncertainty-aware Ensemble Structure (UES) to assess the utility of pseudo-labels for unlabeled samples. We further model the utility of pseudo-labels as long-tailed weights to avoid the open problem of setting the threshold. Concretely, the advantage of the long-tailed weights ensures that even unreliable pseudo-labels still contribute to enhancing the model's robustness. Besides, UES is lightweight and architecture-agnostic, easily extending to various computer vision tasks, including classification and regression. Experimental results demonstrate that combining the proposed method with DualPose leads to a 3.47% improvement in Percentage of Correct Keypoints (PCK) on the Sniffing dataset with 100 data points (30 labeled), a 7.29\% improvement in PCK on the FLIC dataset with 100 data points (50 labeled), and a 3.91% improvement in PCK on the LSP dataset with 200 data points (100 labeled). Furthermore, when combined with FixMatch, the proposed method achieves a 0.2% accuracy improvement on the CIFAR-10 dataset with 40 labeled data points and a 0.26% accuracy improvement on the CIFAR-100 dataset with 400 labeled data points. |
| title | Uncertainty-aware Long-tailed Weights Model the Utility of Pseudo-labels for Semi-supervised Learning |
| topic | Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Artificial Intelligence |
| url | https://arxiv.org/abs/2503.09974 |