Low-Temperature Remote Plasma Synthesis of Highly Porous TiO$_2$ as Electron Transport Layers in Perovskite Solar Cells
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| Autores principales: | , , , , , , , , , , , |
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| Formato: | Preprint |
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2025
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| author | Obrero-Perez, Jose M. Nunez-Galvez, Fernando Contreras-Bernal, Lidia Castillo-Seoane, Javier Moreno, Gloria P. Czermak, Triana Aparicio, Francisco J. Rojas, Teresa C. Ferrer, Francisco J. Borras, Ana Barranco, Angel Sanchez-Valencia, Juan R |
| author_facet | Obrero-Perez, Jose M. Nunez-Galvez, Fernando Contreras-Bernal, Lidia Castillo-Seoane, Javier Moreno, Gloria P. Czermak, Triana Aparicio, Francisco J. Rojas, Teresa C. Ferrer, Francisco J. Borras, Ana Barranco, Angel Sanchez-Valencia, Juan R |
| contents | Halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs) offer high efficiency and low costs, making them key for future photovoltaics. Optimizing charge transport layers is crucial, with porous TiO$_2$ widely used as electron transport layers (ETL) due to its energy alignment, transparency, and abundance. However, its efficiency relies on crystallinity requiring high-temperature processing (>450$^\circ$C), increasing costs and limiting flexible substrates. Low-temperature wet-chemical methods face scalability issues due to material waste and hazardous solvents. In this context, plasma-based technologies are emerging as a more efficient and sustainable alternative to oxide-based ETLs. This study presents the synthesis of TiO$_2$ layers using an advanced plasma method combining remote plasma-assisted vacuum deposition (RPAVD) and soft plasma etching (SPE) at mild temperatures (<200$^\circ$C), allowing control of microstructure and porosity. The resulting nanocolumnar film, decorated with a highly porous aerogel-like layer, enhances optical and electronic properties. These plasma-synthesized TiO$_2$ layers are antireflective and improve the efficiency in porous n-i-p PSCs, matching the performance of high-temperature reference cells. These PSCs achieve a champion PCE of 14.6%, a high value compared to reference devices synthesized at 450°C. Impedance spectroscopy confirms high recombination resistance and stable capacitance, linked to improved perovskite crystallinity. Our results highlight the potential of the RPAVD+SPE approach for producing low-temperature efficient ETLs, providing a feasible, industrially scalable, and eco-friendly alternative for manufacturing flexible, high-performance photovoltaic devices. |
| format | Preprint |
| id |
arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2503_13153 |
| institution | arXiv |
| publishDate | 2025 |
| record_format | arxiv |
| spellingShingle | Low-Temperature Remote Plasma Synthesis of Highly Porous TiO$_2$ as Electron Transport Layers in Perovskite Solar Cells Obrero-Perez, Jose M. Nunez-Galvez, Fernando Contreras-Bernal, Lidia Castillo-Seoane, Javier Moreno, Gloria P. Czermak, Triana Aparicio, Francisco J. Rojas, Teresa C. Ferrer, Francisco J. Borras, Ana Barranco, Angel Sanchez-Valencia, Juan R Materials Science Halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs) offer high efficiency and low costs, making them key for future photovoltaics. Optimizing charge transport layers is crucial, with porous TiO$_2$ widely used as electron transport layers (ETL) due to its energy alignment, transparency, and abundance. However, its efficiency relies on crystallinity requiring high-temperature processing (>450$^\circ$C), increasing costs and limiting flexible substrates. Low-temperature wet-chemical methods face scalability issues due to material waste and hazardous solvents. In this context, plasma-based technologies are emerging as a more efficient and sustainable alternative to oxide-based ETLs. This study presents the synthesis of TiO$_2$ layers using an advanced plasma method combining remote plasma-assisted vacuum deposition (RPAVD) and soft plasma etching (SPE) at mild temperatures (<200$^\circ$C), allowing control of microstructure and porosity. The resulting nanocolumnar film, decorated with a highly porous aerogel-like layer, enhances optical and electronic properties. These plasma-synthesized TiO$_2$ layers are antireflective and improve the efficiency in porous n-i-p PSCs, matching the performance of high-temperature reference cells. These PSCs achieve a champion PCE of 14.6%, a high value compared to reference devices synthesized at 450°C. Impedance spectroscopy confirms high recombination resistance and stable capacitance, linked to improved perovskite crystallinity. Our results highlight the potential of the RPAVD+SPE approach for producing low-temperature efficient ETLs, providing a feasible, industrially scalable, and eco-friendly alternative for manufacturing flexible, high-performance photovoltaic devices. |
| title | Low-Temperature Remote Plasma Synthesis of Highly Porous TiO$_2$ as Electron Transport Layers in Perovskite Solar Cells |
| topic | Materials Science |
| url | https://arxiv.org/abs/2503.13153 |