The rise of the galactic empire: luminosity functions at $z\sim17$ and $z\sim25$ estimated with the MIDIS$+$NGDEEP ultra-deep JWST/NIRCam dataset
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2025
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| author | Pérez-González, Pablo G. Östlin, Göran Costantin, Luca Melinder, Jens Finkelstein, Steven L. Somerville, Rachel S. Annunziatella, Marianna Álvarez-Márquez, Javier Colina, Luis Dekel, Avishai Dickinson, Mark Ferguson, Henry C. Li, Zhaozhou Yung, L. Y. Aaron Bagley, Mic B. Boogaard, Leindert A. Burgarella, Denis Calabrò, Antonello Caputi, Karina I. Cheng, Yingjie Eckart, Andreas Giavalisco, Mauro Gillman, Steven Greve, Thomas R. Hamed, Mahmoud Hathi, Nimish P. Hjorth, Jens Huertas-Company, Marc Kartaltepe, Jeyhan Koekemoer, Anton M. Kokorev, Vasily Labiano, Álvaro Langeroodi, Danial Leung, Gene C. K. Natarajan, Priyamvada Papovich, Casey Peissker, Florian Pentericci, Laura Pirzkal, Nor Rinaldi, Pierluigi van der Werf, Paul Walter, Fabian |
| author_facet | Pérez-González, Pablo G. Östlin, Göran Costantin, Luca Melinder, Jens Finkelstein, Steven L. Somerville, Rachel S. Annunziatella, Marianna Álvarez-Márquez, Javier Colina, Luis Dekel, Avishai Dickinson, Mark Ferguson, Henry C. Li, Zhaozhou Yung, L. Y. Aaron Bagley, Mic B. Boogaard, Leindert A. Burgarella, Denis Calabrò, Antonello Caputi, Karina I. Cheng, Yingjie Eckart, Andreas Giavalisco, Mauro Gillman, Steven Greve, Thomas R. Hamed, Mahmoud Hathi, Nimish P. Hjorth, Jens Huertas-Company, Marc Kartaltepe, Jeyhan Koekemoer, Anton M. Kokorev, Vasily Labiano, Álvaro Langeroodi, Danial Leung, Gene C. K. Natarajan, Priyamvada Papovich, Casey Peissker, Florian Pentericci, Laura Pirzkal, Nor Rinaldi, Pierluigi van der Werf, Paul Walter, Fabian |
| contents | We present a sample of six F200W and three F277W dropout sources identified as $16<z<25$ galaxy candidates using the deepest JWST/NIRCam data to date (5$σ$ depths $\sim31.5$ mag at $\geq2$ $μ$m), provided by the MIRI Deep Imaging Survey (MIDIS) and the Next Generation Deep Extragalactic Exploratory Public survey (NGDEEP). We estimate ultraviolet (UV) luminosity functions and densities at $z\sim17$ and $z\sim25$. The number density of galaxies with absolute magnitudes $-19<M_\mathrm{UV}<-18$ at $z\sim17$ ($z\sim25$) is a factor of 4 (25) smaller than at $z\sim12$; the luminosity density presents a similar evolution. Compared to state-of-the-art galaxy simulations, we find the need for an enhanced UV-photon production at $z=17-25$ in $\mathrm{M}_\mathrm{DM}=10^{8.5-9.5}$ M$_\odot$ dark matter halos, provided by an increase in the star formation efficiency at early times and/or by intense compact starbursts with enhanced emissivity linked to strong burstiness, low or primordial gas metallicities, and/or a top-heavy initial mass function. There are few robust theoretical predictions for the evolution of galaxies above $z\sim20$ in the literature, however, the continuing rapid drop in the halo mass function would predict a more rapid evolution than we observe if photon production efficiencies remained constant. Our $z>16$ candidates present mass-weighted ages around 30 Myr, and attenuations $\mathrm{A(V)}<0.1$ mag. Their average stellar mass is $\mathrm{M}_\bigstar\sim10^{7}\,\mathrm{M}_\odot$, implying a stellar-to-baryon mass fraction around 10% if the emissivity increases with redshift, or significantly higher otherwise. Three candidates present very blue UV spectral slopes ($β\sim-3$) compatible with Pop III young ($\lesssim10$ Myr) stars and/or high escape fractions of ionizing photons; the rest have $β\sim-2.5$ similar to $z=10-12$ samples. |
| format | Preprint |
| id |
arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2503_15594 |
| institution | arXiv |
| publishDate | 2025 |
| record_format | arxiv |
| spellingShingle | The rise of the galactic empire: luminosity functions at $z\sim17$ and $z\sim25$ estimated with the MIDIS$+$NGDEEP ultra-deep JWST/NIRCam dataset Pérez-González, Pablo G. Östlin, Göran Costantin, Luca Melinder, Jens Finkelstein, Steven L. Somerville, Rachel S. Annunziatella, Marianna Álvarez-Márquez, Javier Colina, Luis Dekel, Avishai Dickinson, Mark Ferguson, Henry C. Li, Zhaozhou Yung, L. Y. Aaron Bagley, Mic B. Boogaard, Leindert A. Burgarella, Denis Calabrò, Antonello Caputi, Karina I. Cheng, Yingjie Eckart, Andreas Giavalisco, Mauro Gillman, Steven Greve, Thomas R. Hamed, Mahmoud Hathi, Nimish P. Hjorth, Jens Huertas-Company, Marc Kartaltepe, Jeyhan Koekemoer, Anton M. Kokorev, Vasily Labiano, Álvaro Langeroodi, Danial Leung, Gene C. K. Natarajan, Priyamvada Papovich, Casey Peissker, Florian Pentericci, Laura Pirzkal, Nor Rinaldi, Pierluigi van der Werf, Paul Walter, Fabian Astrophysics of Galaxies Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics We present a sample of six F200W and three F277W dropout sources identified as $16<z<25$ galaxy candidates using the deepest JWST/NIRCam data to date (5$σ$ depths $\sim31.5$ mag at $\geq2$ $μ$m), provided by the MIRI Deep Imaging Survey (MIDIS) and the Next Generation Deep Extragalactic Exploratory Public survey (NGDEEP). We estimate ultraviolet (UV) luminosity functions and densities at $z\sim17$ and $z\sim25$. The number density of galaxies with absolute magnitudes $-19<M_\mathrm{UV}<-18$ at $z\sim17$ ($z\sim25$) is a factor of 4 (25) smaller than at $z\sim12$; the luminosity density presents a similar evolution. Compared to state-of-the-art galaxy simulations, we find the need for an enhanced UV-photon production at $z=17-25$ in $\mathrm{M}_\mathrm{DM}=10^{8.5-9.5}$ M$_\odot$ dark matter halos, provided by an increase in the star formation efficiency at early times and/or by intense compact starbursts with enhanced emissivity linked to strong burstiness, low or primordial gas metallicities, and/or a top-heavy initial mass function. There are few robust theoretical predictions for the evolution of galaxies above $z\sim20$ in the literature, however, the continuing rapid drop in the halo mass function would predict a more rapid evolution than we observe if photon production efficiencies remained constant. Our $z>16$ candidates present mass-weighted ages around 30 Myr, and attenuations $\mathrm{A(V)}<0.1$ mag. Their average stellar mass is $\mathrm{M}_\bigstar\sim10^{7}\,\mathrm{M}_\odot$, implying a stellar-to-baryon mass fraction around 10% if the emissivity increases with redshift, or significantly higher otherwise. Three candidates present very blue UV spectral slopes ($β\sim-3$) compatible with Pop III young ($\lesssim10$ Myr) stars and/or high escape fractions of ionizing photons; the rest have $β\sim-2.5$ similar to $z=10-12$ samples. |
| title | The rise of the galactic empire: luminosity functions at $z\sim17$ and $z\sim25$ estimated with the MIDIS$+$NGDEEP ultra-deep JWST/NIRCam dataset |
| topic | Astrophysics of Galaxies Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics |
| url | https://arxiv.org/abs/2503.15594 |